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Evaluation of the Interaction Among Microalgae Spirulina sp, Plastics Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polypropylene in Freshwater Environment

100%

Khoironi A. , Anggoro S. , Sudarno

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2019

tom Vol. 20, nr 6

161--173

The annual plastic production in Indonesia has exceeded 4.6 million tons and accumulated in the aquatic system. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP) are the most widely used plastics in manufacture of packaging, fibres, and drinking bottles, etc. The degradation of these plastics to micro sizes leads to environmental threats, especially when the micro plastics interact with fresh water microorganism such as microalgae. Therefore, the study on the interaction between micro plastics and microorganisms is really important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of microplastics on the growth of microalgae Spirulina sp and also to evaluate the contribution of microalgae Spirulina sp to the plastic degradation. The interaction between microalgae and microplastics was evaluated in a 1 L glass bioreactor contained microalgae Spirulina sp and PP and PET microplastics with the size of 1 mm at various concentrations (150 mg/500 mL, 250/500 mL and 275 mg/500 mL) for 112 days. The results showed that the tensile strength of micro plastic PET decreased by 0.9939 MPa/day while PP decreased by 0.1977 MPa/day. The EDX analysis of microplastics showed that the decreasing carbon in PET (48.61%) was higher as compared to PP (36.7%). FTIR analysis of Spirulina sp cells showed that the CO2 evolution of cells imposed by PET microplastic was higher than imposed by PP. The growth rate of Spirulina sp applied by micro plastic was lower than the control and the increase of microplastic concentration significantly reduced the growth rate of algae by 75%. This research concluded that biodegradation has important role in the degradation process of plastic.

Methods for Determining the Water Quality Index in Developing Asian Countries: A Review

88%

Sudarno , Wibowo M. A. , Andarini P. , Kurniatama D. V. P. , Humaira N. G.

tom Vol. 25, iss. 2

311--323

Clean water quality is a problem, especially for developing countries in Asia. Their efforts to maximize various sectors to become a developed country, for example in industrial activities, result in negative environmental impacts, especially for water quality. The wastewater that is directly discharged into river bodies without any treatment causes river water quality to become increasingly worse. The water quality index (WQI) is one of the tools used to assess river water quality. There have been many studies that examined the river water quality in Asia, but there are still few studies that discuss the river water quality as a whole in Asia, especially for developing countries where industrial activities are massive. This study discussed the trends in river water quality in developing countries in Asia. The results obtained showed that most river water quality in Asia falls into the medium to poor category, even poor in some situations, especially in the areas with dense populations and in the areas around rivers which are full of domestic and industrial activities. For this reason, there is a need for a more advanced WQI assessment which is carried out using scientific analysis using fuzzy logic so that the WQI value can be more accurate and QGIS can provide broader information. There needs to be cooperation and good relations between the community, stakeholders and the government in an effort to overcome river pollution which will become even worse by providing stricter regulations, establishing proper water treatment so that industrial or domestic waste water does not directly enter water bodies, and create appropriate policies. Therefore, it is important to be able to develop a river water quality assessment system, such as WQI to be more accurate so that these actions can be carried out.