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THE ARCHITECTURE OF RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCHES DESIGNED BY ROBERT PFLUG IN LATVIA (Roberta Augusta Pfluga projekteto pareizticigo baznicu arhitektura Latvija)

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Bistere A.

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tom 7

102-119

EN

Robert August Pflug (1832-1885) is an important figure in late 19th century Latvian architecture, especially concerning Riga. He had studied at St. Petersburg Technological Institute (1846-1850); from 1859 he studied architecture at the Imperial Academy of Art where he obtained the artist's degree in 1863. In 1862 together with the architect Janis Fridrihs Baumanis he won the first prize in the project competition of Vidzeme Knighthood House (present house of Parliament of the Republic of Latvia). Soon afterwards Pflug set out to Riga to participate in the realisation of the project. In 1870 he received the title of the Academician of Architecture from the Imperial Academy of Art for a substantial, neatly elaborated architectural project. Pflug worked as an instructor at the Riga Polytechnic Institute (1869-1875). He designed 12 buildings in the Riga Boulevard Circle, also private houses, storages and more than 10 Orthodox churches in the territory of Latvia. Construction of Pflug's Orthodox churches coincides with the period in the history of Latvia when Latvian peasants on a mass scale converted to Orthodox faith since the 1840s and the need for new buildings became especially evident in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Church construction went on in two periods - from 1871 to 1873 and from 1875 to 1878. Churches designed by Pflug were built is a very short period of time, still they create a group of different and interesting churches that typify the architect as a versatile specialist, attempting to diversify the architectonic solutions of buildings and enrich the Latvian architectural heritage with high-quality and attractive buildings of churches.

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THE ARCHITECTURE OF WOODEN ORTHODOX CHURCHES IN 19TH CENTURY LATGALE (Pareizticigo koka baznicu arhitektura Latgale 19. gadsimta)

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Bistere A.

Makslas Vesture un Teorija

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2004

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tom 2

29-38

EN

Wooden Orthodox churches, built in Latgale during the 19th century, combine both ethnographic building traditions such as horizontal beam structures and other traditionally Latvian means of construction with influences of Russian church architecture. This is especially evident in the architectonic layout of buildings, the decorative finish of facades, and the architecturally plastic design of towers as well as in the spatial arrangement of interiors, especially iconostases. We should also remember the features of the architectural styles predominant in 19th century Latvia. These are particularly pronounced in the Neo-Classicism influenced architectonic solution of the Skeltova Church; other churches feature eclectic combinations of forms representing different architectural styles. Wooden Orthodox churches in 19th century Latgale have mostly a prolonged type of planning. The belfry, narthex and catholicon are most commonly completed by an apse at the eastern end and placed on a longitudinal axis. There are exceptions; the Skeltova Church and the Alexander Nevsky Church in Daugavpils feature central square-type planning. On the other hand, the layout of the Tilza Church was influenced by the fact that the building had previously been used as a school prior to its adaptation for the needs of a church. Three types of spatial layout can be distinguished in the exteriors of Latgale's wooden Orthodox churches. The first type is represented by the Skeltova and Daugavpils Alexander Nevsky churches, which feature central planning; this resulted in a square layout covered by a dome in Skeltova but by a four-pitched roof with small towers in Daugavpils. The Orthodox churches in Goliseva, Pudinava and Vjortulova, chronologically later than the Skeltova Church, feature a rectangular layout with a prolonged catholicon covered by an octagonal structure making up about 1/5 of the building's height.

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ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES DESIGNED BY JANIS FRIDRIHS BAUMANIS FOR URBAN AREAS (Jana Fridriha Baumana pilsetam projekteto pareizticigo baznicu arhitektoniska veidola attistiba)

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Bistere A.

Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei

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2007

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tom 6

137-150

EN

Janis Fridrihs Baumanis (1834-1891) was the first professional Latvian architect with academic training and one of the most renowned masters in the history of Latvian architecture. His professional activities are most related to Riga and its boulevards after the removal of Riga fortifications in 1857-1863, but Baumanis was a noted public and cultural figure as well; from 1870 to 1880 he combined private practice with the architect's position at Vidzeme (Livonia) Province Board. This period features his designs of Orthodox churches in Vidzeme and southern part of Estonia that was part of Vidzeme Province at that time. 17 Orthodox churches built by Baumanis in Vidzeme Province during the 1870s are based on a certain pattern as a source of variations. Valmiera St. Sergius Radonezhsky Orthodox Church (1878) is an example of bringing these architectonic principles into town environment. Baumanis' church projects feature a cross-shaped planning. Rubble and red brick are used as building materials. A belfry stands over the building entrance; a huge dome is placed at the centre of the church with four smaller cupolas on the corners of the building. Windows have semicircular endings but entrance doors are rectangular. Bauska Orthodox Church (1881) follows the principles commenced in Valmiera, both chronologically and architectonically. Its planning is very close to that of Valmiera. Bauska church exterior consists of more delicate forms, rubble is replaced by white plastered bands altering with parts made of red brick