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EN
This article contains an analysis and extensive quotations from accounts of two Jewish women, the only survivors of prisoners' execution at the Poniatowa compulsory labour camp. This execution was part of a large-scale operation to physically liquidate Jewish prisoners, the so-called 'Operation Harvest' (Erntefest), carried out in the first week of November 1943 at the camps in Trawniki, Poniatowa and Majdanek (in Lublin). Both women - survivors, due to a number of coincidences, managed to get to Warsaw and, helped by the 'Zegota' - Council to Aid the Jews, lived to see the liberation. In this article the author also analyses the circumstances of both accounts, reasons for withholding their publication as early as war time, and the importance , for our knowledge, not only of the executions, but also for the nature of complicated Polish-Jewish relations during World War II, because it was the Poles' help that the fate of escaped prisoners hinged upon.
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Content available Monitoring serologiczny koni
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Content available Różyca u drobiu
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EN
Two groups of both sexes’ turkeys: 40 animals of heavy Big-6 turkeys and 40 individuals of primitive turkeys were reared in the semi-intensive farming. During the experiment, their health condition was checked permanently. The reasons for death and culling were determined according to clinical research and autopsy. The two main reasons for decease in both discussed groups were as follows: chicks’ death caused by hunger and alimentary tract clogged by litter. In the Big-6 group, sepsis coli- bacteriosis occurrence and locomotive problems were observed between the 6th and 8th week of live. After rearing period, the considerably higher survivability rate (by 17.5%) was found in the primitive turkeys’ group.
EN
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) to colonize chosen organs of chicks infected intratracheally (group A1), or intravenously (group A2), with the use of bacteriological methods and PCR. The bacteriological methods enabled to reisolate ORT bacteria from trachea and lungs of the birds from group A1 only on day 3 and 6 after infection. The PCR technique additionally detected the bacterial genetic material in these organs on the 9th day after infection, and gave positive results in the samples from air sacs until the 6th day of the experiment. In birds infected intravenously (A2) ORT was reisolated from liver on day 3 and from spleen on day 3 and 6 after infection, whereas the reisolation from the tibiotarsal joint occurred during the entire experimental period. PCR enabled to detect the bacterial DNA in the liver, spleen and lungs of chickens until the 9th day after infection and in case of tibiotarsal joint during the whole time of the study.
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Content available Kokcydioza kur
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EN
Ochratoxin A (OA) is the most important mycotoxin causing contamination of feed and food. In addition to strong nephrotoxicity, OA also affects the immune system. Using a test of the blastic transformation of lymphocytes (TBTL) the impact of OA on the proliferative capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in laying hens and their offspring has been evaluated. In the first experiment the authors evaluated the influence of feeding hens for 14 days on feed containing 0.5 ppm of ochratoxin A. Blood samples were collected at day 14 of the experiment. The studies to determine the effect of ochratoxin on the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes in the offspring of hens fed a diet containing the mycotoxins were performed in three groups of broiler breeders. Birds received a mix containing 0.5 ppm of OA for 4 weeks. The collection of eggs for hatching was started after 7 days of feeding hens with feed contaminated by OA. Two test hatchings were conducted. Hatched chicks were reared under standard conditions. At 14, 21, 35 and 49 days of rearing chickens were bled for testing TBTL. The authors have shown a suppressive effect of ochratoxin A contained in the feed given to hens on the proliferating ability of lymphocytes (mean IS in treatment and control groups were, respectively, 7.30 and 9.41). The study shows that OA in feed given to hens also reduced the stimulation index of peripheral blood lymphocytes in their offspring.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie wpływu systemu ogrzewania kurnika na wyniki produkcyjne kurcząt oraz jakość skóry podeszwy stopy. Badania przeprowadzono na 41 900 kurczętach Cobb 500, podzielonych w zależności od systemu ogrzewania budynku na dwie grupy: kontrolną – kurczęta odchowywano w hali z centralnym systemem ogrzewania oraz doświadczalną – kurczęta utrzymywano w hali z ogrzewaniem mieszanym, tzn. zastosowano wspomaganie ogrzewania gazowego ogrzewaniem centralnym. W czasie odchowu kontrolowano warunki zoohigieniczne panujące w halach oraz wyniki produkcyjne stad. Na 5 dni przed ubojem do badań wybrano 200 ptaków z różnych miejsc na halach w celu przeprowadzenia wizualnej oceny jakości skóry podeszwy stóp kurcząt. Wykazano wpływ systemów ogrzewania na różnice wilgotności panujące w budynkach oraz wzrost emisji amoniaku po 21. dniu odchowu w grupie kontrolnej. W grupie doświadczalnej uzyskano poprawę wyników produkcyjnych (większą masę ciała oraz lepsze wykorzystanie paszy na kilogram przyrostu masy ciała, a przez to wyższy wskaźnik EWW). Poprawa mikroklimatu w hali doświadczalnej pozwoliła na ograniczenie zapalenia skóry podeszwy stopy.
EN
One of the factors influencing the performance of broiler chicken production is to ensure proper temperature and humidity in the house. Zoohygienic conditions prevailing in the building as well as the quality of the bedding depend to a large extent on the type of heating. Incorrect litter quality can lead to Foot Pad Dermatitis (FPD), which is a big problem in the great scale production of broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heating system of a chicken house on performance and quality of the skin of foot pads in chickens. The study was conducted on 41 900 chickens Cobb 500 line, divided into two groups depending on the heating system used in building during rearing. Central heating system for chickens from control group and mixed heating system (gas heating and central heating) for experimental group of chickens were used. Zoohygienic conditions inside the house and the production results of chickens were controlled. 5 days before slaughter 200 birds were selected randomly from different places in the building for detailed evaluation of the quality of the skin of the foot pads. The influence of the heating systems on the humidity level in buildings and increase of ammonia emissions after 21 days of rearing in the control group was confirmed. Throughout the period of chickens rearing, the documentation of dead birds autopsy was conducted and there were defined reasons for their culling. The results showed no effect of the heating system used on mortality of the chickens; the difference was only 0.03 percentage point. In the experimental group production results of chickens (increased body weight and decreased feed converse ratio, and the higher values of the European Broiler Index – EBI) was confirmed. The influence of the heating system on the result of FPD was stated; the best quality of the feet sole skin was observed in the group of chickens kept in a building with a mixed system of heating. It In this group fewer cases of skin defects of the foot sole, which are rated as 4 and 5 degree of quality, were found. Improved gas heating system did not affect the increase in litter moisture and deterioration of zoohygenic conditions in the building. Air monitoring results did not reveal the presence of hydrogen sulfide during the entire production cycle, and carbon dioxide levels did not exceed 2500 ppm. The test results clearly show, that in the national climatic conditions, using a combination of gas and central heating of the halls, where rearing of broiler chickens takes place, leads to a reduction in defects of the foot sole skin of the birds.
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