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Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastics in Leachate at a Large Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

100%

Ormaniec P.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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tom Vol. 32, no. 4

105--115

EN

Due to the widespread occurrence and the potential threat to the environment, plastic materials are currently a growing problem of environmental protection in the world. Plastics whit dimensions not exceeding 5 mm are called microplastics. One of the main sources of microplastics in the aquatic environment are municipal wastewater treatment plants. The paper presents the results of research on the presence of microplastics in leachate from sludge processing at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The leachate was divided into the leachate produced in the processes of sludge thickening and dewatering. The analysis of the isolated microplastics included a physical analysis, which focuses on determining size, shape, and color of the isolated material. The next step was the chemical identification of the microplastic, where the type of polymer of the tested material was confirmed by means of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared. Among the isolated microplastic particles, almost a half was identified as fragments, and a smaller amount was confirmed for the presence of foil, fibers, foams and granules. The identified particles were plastic materials, including polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene or poly(terephthalate). Based on the results of the conducted research, the mass of microplastics in leachate was characterized and determined.

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Przegląd metod identyfikacji mikroplastików w ściekach komunalnych

63%

Ormaniec P. , Mikosz J.

Instal

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2022

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tom nr 7/8

54--58

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska tworzywami sztucznymi to obecnie jeden z czołowych problemów ochrony środowiska na całym świecie. Ogromnym problemem, do tej pory nie uregulowanym prawnie, jest obecność mikroplastików w ściekach miejskich. Mikroplastiki to drobiny tworzyw sztucznych, które swoją wielkością nie przekraczają 5 mm. W artykule omówiono ogólnie dostępne metody identyfikacji mikroplastików wyizolowanych z próbek pochodzących z oczyszczalni ścieków, uwzględniając podział na metody chemiczne i metody fizyczne. Charakterystykę przedstawionych metod opracowano na podstawie przeglądu źródeł literaturowych. Analiza fizyczna w dużej mierze opiera się na określeniu rozmiaru i liczby oraz na określeniu innych właściwości fizycznych, tj. kolor lub kształt. W tym celu stosuje się mikroskopy, w szczególności mikroskopy optyczne. Ponadto, żeby ocenić, czy obserwowane cząstki są wykonane z tworzywa sztucznego, przeprowadza się test topnienia i test gorącej igły. Chemiczna analiza mikroplastików opiera się na określeniu polimeru z jakiego składa się badany mikroplastik. Wśród powszechnie stosowanych analiz największą popularnością wyróżnia się spektroskopia w podczerwieni z transformacją fourierowską (FTIR), która wykorzystuje trzy metody optymalizujące: spektroskopia osłabionego całkowitego odbicia wewnętrznego (ATR), detektor płaszczyzny ogniskowej (FPA) oraz mikro-FTIR. Niniejsza praca skupia się na przeglądzie aktualnych badań dotyczących identyfikacji i charakteryzacji mikroplastików w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Pomimo, że dotychczasowe badania skupiające się na mikroplastikach niewątpliwie podniosły poziom zrozumienia tego tematu, jasne jest, że nadal wiele pytań pozostaje bez odpowiedzi, a tym samym kluczowa staje się standaryzacja metod identyfikacji mikroplastików.

EN

Pollution of the environment with plastic waste is currently one of the leading global environmental problems. A huge concern, not yet legally regulated, is the presence of microplastic in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Microplastic is plastic particles that do not exceed 5 mm in size. The article discusses generally available identification methods of microplastic isolated from wastewater treatment plants samples, taking into account the division into chemical and physical methods. The characteristics of the presented methods have been developed based on a review of literature sources. A physical analysis involves the evaluation of size and number or other physical properties such as color and shape. For this purpose, microscopes are used, in particular optical microscopes. In addition, a melt test and a hot needle test are performed to confirm that the observed particles are made of plastic. Chemical analysis of microplastics is based on the determination of polymer composition. Among the commonly used analyzes, the most popular is Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which uses three optimization methods: Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Focal Plane Array (FPA) and micro-FTIR. This work focuses on a review of current research on the identification and characterization of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants. Although the research focused on microplastics to date has undoubtedly raised the level of understanding of the topic, but it is clear that many questions remain unanswered and thus the standardization of methods for identifying microplastics becomes crucial.

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A review of methods for the isolation of microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment

63%

Ormaniec P. , Mikosz J.

Technical Transactions

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2022

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tom Vol. 119, iss. 1

art. no. e2022010

EN

Wastewater treatment plants are considered to be one of the largest sources of microplastics in the natural environment. The problem of microplastics has been widely studied in many environments. It remains a subject of the growing interest for researchers. By definition, microplastic is plastic that does not exceed 5 mm in size. There are three stages in the study of microplastics in wastewater: sampling, treatment, and the identification of microplastics. This paper aims to review the strategies for sampling microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their laboratory treatment to isolate microplastics. The collection of samples from the wastewater treatment plant is based on two mechanisms, namely a continuous filtering and pumping system and instantaneous sampling (steel bucket, glass jar, telescopic sampling). The removal of organic and inorganic matter is carried out with the use of physical and chemical analyses. The subject of this article is the compilation of the generally available research methods on microplastics. Based on the literature analysis, conclusions were drawn regarding the recommended methods of microplastic detection.