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1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 2006

1 Mączyńska M.

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w słowach kluczowych: zapinki typów Almgren 38, 41, 43

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Uwagi o niektórych typach zapinek II grupy serii wschodniej Oscara Almgrena

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Mączyńska M.

nr 58

159-184

The study is concerned with brooch types A. II 38, 41 and 43; type A. II 41 brooches are discussed within the new classification proposed by J. Schuster (in the same volume). These forms have a distinctive distribution, something not always fully appreciated in earlier research. Brooches defined as forms F 1/F 3, with a very slender bow and spring-cover ornamented with imitation spring (Fig. 1:1.2), cluster on the lower Vistula River and to the west of this area, in the lake districts of Kaszuby and Krajna (Fig. 3, list 1). Chronologically they belong in phase B2a, although it is possible that they appeared still during the transitional stage from B1b to B2a. It appears that the centre of production of these brooches lay somewhere in the lower reaches of the Vistula River. In his analysis of type A. II 41 brooches J. Schuster selected as a criterion of classification the form of the entire brooch, its foot in particular, rather than details of construction. This led him to distinguish four main variants: I, X, Y and Z: variant I – with a straight, at times, lightly expanding foot, variant X – which includes two sub-variants: X 1 – with a trapeze--shaped foot, and X 2 – with a strongly expanded foot, which gives the brooch the form of a letter ‘X’; variant Y – characterised by a wide bow and a foot which usually tapers at the lower end, whereas variant X, also defined as ‘lower Vistula’ variant, has a wide bow, a flaring or a straight foot and a low-set crest. In the eastern region of the Central European Barbaricum A. II 40 and 41 brooches generally represent diagnostic (leading) forms in phase B2/C1. It does not appear from the review of finds discovered in context with these pieces that any of the four variants of type A. II 41, distinguished by J. Schuster, appeared earlier or outlived the other variants. However, interesting conclusions result from analysis of maps of distributions of these brooch variants. Finds of variant I brooches (Fig. 4, list 2) cluster in Vorpommern, in East Pomerania, and in Rugen. The only three sites with this brooch variant found more to the south are Kemnitz, Kr. Potsdam-Mittelmark, and two cemeteries of Luboszyce Culture at Biecz and Grabice. The easternmost find of variant I brooch is known from the region of Elbląg or the town itself, still on territory of Wielbark Culture. Variants X 1 and X 2 (Fig. 5, list 3) cluster in East Pomerania – including the right bank of the Vistula River – in the northern part of Wielkopolska (Great Poland), which during that time was occupied by Wielbark Culture, and in Luboszyce Culture. Their distribution pattern reflects plainly the migration movement of the Wielbark Culture people to the southeast, along the Bug River, something noted already by G. Domański and Y. V. Kukharenko. Finds of variant X brooches are less common in Przeworsk Culture; in addition, also, if iron brooches are taken into account, which if they do appear, then they have the form of variant X 1. A number of finds from the lower Danube is discussed below, with other types of brooches of northern origin, which form a concentration in that area, similarly as A. II 41 brooches to the west of the Odra River. A variant typical in Przeworsk Culture are A. II 41 Y brooches (Fig. 6, list 4), also noted in Luboszyce Culture, but less numerous than variant X. To the west of the Odra River finds of variant Y brooches are rare. In the border zone between Wielbark and Przeworsk Culture, on the lower Warta River, some Wielbark Culture cemeteries produced finds of variant Y (Fig. 6:29–31), whereas variant X brooches are known from the same area, also from Przeworsk cemeteries (Fig. 5:93–96), which could testify to direct Wielbark-Przeworsk contacts in this zone. A possible explanation for the presence of as many as twelve Y brooches in the hoard from Łubiana is that they were hoarded after being robbed in Przeworsk area but it less easy to explain the occurrence of nine similar specimens in two or more cemeteries in the region of Elbląg and the town itself. A. II 41 brooches of all the variants discussed so far, together with other elements characteristic for Wielbark Culture, eg, brooches type A. V, eighth series, so-called banded pendants, snake bracelets and others, during phases B2 and B2/C1 start to be recorded across the Odra River, and take in their range Pomerania to the west of the Odra River (Vorpommern), Rugen and, to a lesser extent, Lower Lusatia; this induced J. Schuster to speculate that a small group of Wielbark Culture people migrated west, perhaps a similar development as population shifts on the middle Danube. Variant Z brooches (Fig. 7, list 5) are correctly linked by J. Schuster with the region on the lower Vistula, since barring only three finds, in Pomerania all other brooches of this type originated to the east of that river, despite the fact that the longest series of these brooches comes from the cemetery at Ciepłe, distr. Tczew, found to the west of the Vistula. It is conceivable that a workshop active in the area produced these brooches, but they did not reach the zone of Odry-Węsiory-Grzybnica type cemeteries. This cannot be explained away by difference in time, since variant Z brooches co-occur with forms diagnostic for phase B2/C1, encountered also in Odry-Węsiory-Grzybnica cemeteries, ie, in lake districts of Kaszuby and Krajna, before they were abandoned. Only in the region more to the east (Fig. 7:16.18), towards the Great Masurian Lakes district variant Z brooches are noted in graves in contexts dated to phase C1a. It is interesting that A. II 41 brooches, which form such a great concentration in Wielbark Culture, are noted only sporadically in West Balt deposits, where they represent imports from Wielbark Culture. Similarly as type A. II 41 brooches, type A. II 43 forms are a diagnostic form in phase B2/C1, characteristic for women’s dress accessories, and almost invariably made of bronze, occasionally with gold or silver inlay. The form developed most probably in Przeworsk Culture, this is indicated by their concentration at the centre of Przeworsk territory (Fig. 8, list 6). The second concentration is observed on the middle Danube and is associated by T. Kolník with the migration in 166–169 AD of the Langobardii and Obii to the Danube, by M. Olędzki – with the migration of the Vandal Victovalii. J. Tejral basing on finds of ‘Przeworsk’ character, as eg iron brooches – type A. V, series 8, 10 and 11, silver inlaid trumpet brooches – A. IV 76, and subsequently, brooches type A. V 129, A. II 41, 43 and A. V, series 1, and certain types of pottery and Ginalski group E spurs, which visibly cluster on the middle Danube, sees two larger waves of infiltration of Przeworsk people to the middle Danube, which he interprets as the arrival of smaller groups rather than whole tribes. K. Godłowski understood the same group of objects as evidence of long-lived contact between neighbouring peoples but did not rule out migration of individuals or small groups from the North. The entire discussion was recently summed up by J. Rajtár, who interpreted finds of A. II 43 brooches from old museum collections in Roman provinces (List 6), in Pannonia and Dacia Porolissensis, as traces of the presence of Germanic women, war captives or hostages. A. Kokowski and Y. B. Maleev recently drew attention to the easternmost range of these brooches. Their occurrence in Luboszyce Culture and among Western Balts (in the latter case just three finds) could suggest arrival of Przeworsk women to the area. The mapping of individual brooch types does not always produce such interesting results as ones outlined above. In many cases it would be helpful to distinguish variants of O. Almgren types, but under the condition that different subvariants are identified to reflect actual culture differences, rather than being a mechanical division, made on the basis of secondary criteria. The internal classification of type A. II 41 brooches proposed by J. Schuster, is an example of previously unexploited potential.