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Małek S.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

2002

tom R. 99, z. 4-Ś

37--45

The flow of anions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-) an of cations (NH4+, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn), that is, changes in their concentrations after passing through the canopy (sub-canopy precipitation), flowing on the soil surface has been analyzed in different development phases of spruce stands (1st, 2nd, 5th and 6th age class) in the Potok Dupniański catchment in the Wisła Forest Inspectorate. The catchment located in Southern Poland in Beskid Śląski (N 49 stopni 35 minut, E 18 stopni 50 minut) close to Slovakia and Czech border, has an area of 1,6787 km2. The study was performed according to guidelines of the ICP - Forest Manual. The results of studies refer to the period 2000-2001. Water sampled from the rainfall deposited on the tree crowns, was characteristic of greater concentrations of all analyzed anions and cations (except for Mangane) during the growing season but also of smaller reaction than in the winter with a simultaneous, almost three times higher concentration of NO3 and two times higher concentration of SO4. In addition, with a greater water volume deposited in the winter, higher amounts of Na and Mn were sampled in the snow in 2000. On the other hand, in the subsequent year higher concentrations of F, SO4, Na, Mg, Fe, and Mn were noted in the winter season. In spite of higher amounts of water deposited in the catchment in the winter season of 2001, a higher input of F and Fe in comparison to the growing season was noticed. In the years that followed increased concentrations of F, Cl, NO3, SO4, PO4, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and an increase in the reaction were noted in the vegetation period, whereas in the winter time increased values for F, Cl, NO3, SO4, PO3, Na, K and a decrease in the reaction were found. This was a evidence of increasing air pollution especially in winter time. A systematic increase in the concentration and amount of SO4 in water going through the tree crown with the age of the spruce stands and a decrease in the reaction of water together with the age of the stand and during the passage through the canopy. It was found that the ion NH4 coming from the atmosphere is absorbet in the tree crown zone, causing washing from tree crowns especially of K and Mn and F and SO4 in the older stands during the growing season. Mg and Ca are most probably also absorbed directly from the rainfall thus compensating a considerable outflow of these elements outside of the reach of the root system (in all development phases). In the winter time it was found that Fe, Mn, Na, and K are washed from tree crowns in the thickets whereas washing of F, NO3, SO4,Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe was noted for older trees. Washing of Mg and Ca from the assimilatory apparatuses of trees is particularly threateningf in older age classes as these elements are in a great deficit. The processes of decomposition of organic matter, cause an increase in the concentrations of all analyzed anions and cations and an increase in the acidity of water (Tab. 1, 2).