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PL
W latach 2011–2013 zebrano dane o występowaniu i rozmieszczeniu zająca bielaka Lepus timidus w Polsce. Informacje przekazali głównie pracownicy nadleśnictw podlegających Regionalnej Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych w Białymstoku oraz parków narodowych: Białowieskiego, Biebrzańskiego i Wigierskiego. Uwzględniono także obserwacje własne autorów. Zgromadzono w sumie 136 pewnych stwierdzeń zająca bielaka z obszaru Polski północno-wschodniej z lat 1984–2013. Obecność tego gatunku potwierdzono w Puszczy Augustowskiej, Knyszyńskiej i Białowieskiej. Obszarem stale zasiedlanym przez niewielką populację bielaka jest Puszcza Augustowska, z której zebrano łącznie 123 obserwacje, w tym aż 120 z lat 2000–2013. Z pozostałych kompleksów leśnych znane są jedynie nieliczne stwierdzenia (6 z Puszczy Knyszyńskiej i 7 z Puszczy Białowieskiej). Mogą to być osobniki pochodzące z przygranicznych obszarów leśnych Białorusi lub, co wydaje się mniej prawdopodobne, zwierzęta autochtoniczne ze szczątkowej populacji tego gatunku. W Puszczy Augustowskiej zając bielak zasiedla przede wszystkim drzewostany młodsze i średniowiekowe, w wieku 41–60 lat. Wyraźnie rzadszy jest w drzewostanach starszych niż 80 lat. Najczęściej odnotowywany był na siedliskach boru świeżego (45% stwierdzeń) i boru mieszanego świeżego (36%) w drzewostanach z panującą sosną zwyczajną Pinus sylvestris. Do najważniejszych zagrożeń gatunku należą: presja ssaków drapieżnych (szczególnie lisa Vulpes vulpes), postępujące ocieplenie klimatu oraz możliwa hybrydyzacja z zającem szarakiem Lepus europaeus.
EN
Data about the mountain hare Lepus timidus distribution and abundance in Poland at the beginning of the 21st century were collected in 2011–2013 based on the information from workers of forest divisions of the Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Białystok, Wigry National Park, Białowieża National Park, landscape parks, and authors’ own records. In total 136 certain observations of mountain hare have been recorded in north-east Poland in 1984–2013. Th e occurrence of mountain hare has been confi rmed in Augustów Forest, Knyszyn Forest and Białowieża Forest (Fig. 1). Th e main area of the species’ regular distribution, inhabited by a stable population, is the Augustów Forest, where 123 records have been collected, including 120 records from 2000–2013 yrs. Th e population from Augustów Forest is probably enriched by the Polish-Lithuanian borderland population. Only single records come from other forests, indicating either sporadic occurrence of the mountain hare (6 observations in Knyszyńska Forest and 7 in Białowieża Primeval Forest), probably from adjacent forest in Belarus, or a residual population of this species. In Augustów Forest, the mountain hare inhabited mainly young and middle-aged forest stands, mostly 40–60-year-old stands. Th e species regularly occurs in forest plantations, and rarely in over 80-year-old forest stands (Fig. 3). Th e mountain hare was most frequently observed on habitats of fresh coniferous forest (45% of the records) and mixed coniferous forest (36% of the records), in forest stands dominated by pine (Figs 4, 5). Th e pressure of predatory mammals, a very small size of the Polish population, and possible hybridization between the mountain hare and the brown hare Lepus europaeus are the most important threats to this species. In order to protect the mountain hare, a precise inventory, permanent population monitoring, molecular study, predators control and international cooperation with specialists from Lithuania and Belarus are required.
EN
Habitat composition of breeding territories, habitat use during foraging, and nest-site selection of the Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor were examined in western Poland during years 1998-1999. Meadows and spring crops occurred within territories more frequently than expected by their availability. Habitat utilisation during foraging was significantly non-random and shrikes appeared to prefer low vegetation. All of 27 nests were located along tree lines and edges of small woodlots (maximum 7 m), and neither deciduous nor coniferous trees were preferred (78% and 22%, respectively). Preferred habitats of Great Grey Shrikes are relatively uncommon in modern agricultural landscape. Lack of suitable habitats in intensively used farmland may be the most important reasons for shrike population decline over Europe. Wielkopolska region offers good breeding habitats and this species has more dense and stable population over here, than in other parts of Europe.
PL
Prace terenowe prowadzono w latach 1998-1999, głównie w okolicach Poznania, Odolanowa (powiat Ostrów Wlkp.) i Chocza (powiat Pleszew). Łąki i uprawy zbóż jarych były siedliskami występującymi liczniej w terytoriach srokosza, niż by to wynikało z ich udziału w krajobrazie (tab. 1). Wykorzystanie różnych siedlisk jako miejsc polowania było nielosowe (ryc. 1) i dzierzby wyraźnie preferowały tereny o niskiej roślinności. Wszystkie ze znalezionych 27 gniazd znajdowały się na skrajach (do 7 m) małych lasków położonych wśród łąk lub pól. Nie wykazano istotnej preferencji względem zakładania gniazd na drzewach liściastych lub iglastych (odpowiednio 78% i 22%), a gniazda były umieszczone na 9 gatunkach drzew (tab. 2). Prezentowane wyniki wskazują, że srokosz preferuje siedliska, które są coraz rzadsze we współczesnym krajobrazie rolniczym i właśnie brak odpowiednich siedlisk może być przyczyną regresu populacji tego gatunku w Europie. Z drugiej jednak strony, Wielkopolska charakteryzuje się bardzo intensywnym rolnictwem w porównaniu z resztą Polski, a właśnie tutaj w odpowiednich siedliskach srokosze występują w jednych z najwyższych w Europie zagęszczeniach i lokalne populacje należą do stabilnych.
EN
Rich new data on Nehalennia speciosa in Poland, collected or published after the first Polish synthesis (Bernard, 1998), have mostly been presented only on a synthetic level so far (Bernard 2004; Bernard & Wildermuth 2005a, 2005b). Hence, many populations and habitats have not been described in detail or even have not been published at all. Therefore, the aim of the current article is to complete the list of Polish localities and to present basic data on them according to the state of knowledge for the end of 2007. A synthetic assessment of the conservation status and habitat selection of N. speciosa in Poland is also included. 65 localities of N. speciosa have been discovered in Poland so far, including 31 ones presented in the first synthesis (Bernard 1998). Some corrections and completions to several of these ‘old’ localities are added. The consistent numbering of localities, begun in that paper, is remained and continued. 34 localities discovered or published since 1998 (Nos. 32–65) are presented in detail. For each locality the following data are given: its name and situation, information that the locality has been published (P) or unpublished (U), sources of data (the authors’ own data (RB – R. Bernard, PB – P. Buczyński), publications, unpublished data of other persons), a brief description of a habitat, dates of records, NS – the size of N. speciosa population (the number of imagines in a day of visit if not described in another way; os. – individuals), records of: L – larvae, Ex – exuviae, T – teneral individuals, BR – breeding behaviour). The increase in number of known localities is mostly the result of intensified odonatological exploration during the last ten years. However, a colonization of new sites is also possible on a small scale as Brzeziczno Lake (No. 56, colonized after 1997) shows. 38 local populations recorded since 1990 are treated current, although one of them (No. 51) is already extinct. Considering insufficiently explored areas in the North and East, ca 50 current localities are expected. The current distribution of N. speciosa in Poland is almost confined to the North above 53ºN (rich in primary habitats) and the local far East (fig. 1). Unexpectedly, the species has recently been rediscovered in the Upper Silesia in the South (two very small strongly isolated populations, Nos. 64, 65) were it had been assumed extinct for a long time (Miszta, Dolný 2007). The distribution is highly scattered with several more densely inhabited islands of the range (Fig. 1). Many Polish local populations are large, at least 8 of them (Nos. 39, 37, 35, 34, 41, 54, 56, 47) exceeded 1.000 imagines per visit. At the locality 39 even 8-10 thousand individuals in the peak of flight season and a very high average density 10–12 individuals/ m2 were recorded. However, the maximum density (60 individuals/m2) was once observed at Golce (No. 34). The percentage of small, it seems vanishing populations (e.g. No. 58, 60, 62, 64, 65) is the highest in the southern part of current distribution, i.e. in southern, mideastern and southeastern Poland. Summing up, the conservation status of N. speciosa in Poland, though significantly decreased, is still much better than in many other areas of Europe apart from its mideastern parts and Bavarian Prealpine Region (Bernard, Wildermuth 2005a). N. speciosa is a stenotopic species in Poland (see details in Bernard, Wildermuth 2005a). It inhabits: mainly (1) small primary water bodies (mostly < 1 ha) bounded with Sphagnum bogs, additionally (2) Sphagnum bogs and fens without larger open water bodies, but at least temporarily flooded, and (3) secondary excavation pools, mostly peat excavations, exceptionally old clay pits overgrown with Carex (No. 26 in Bernard 1998). Localities are frequently situated in postglacial or inter-dune depressions and are surrounded by forest, mostly pine, exceptionally deciduous. Larvae and imagines use: (I) narrow zone of floating and flooded vegetation mats bordering the open water of lakes and pools, and (II) at least temporarily flooded parts of Sphagnum bogs and fens, most frequently in their small depressions (Germ. ‘Schlenken’). The former habitats (I) predominate in Poland, the latter ones (II) are represented at 5 localities and marginally at several other sites. N. speciosa is related to specific vegetation with its texture as the crucial factor (Bernard 1998; Bernard, Wildermuth 2005a). In the emergent vegetation above the water surface and adjacent Sphagnum mats, Carex limosa and C. lasiocarpa are by far the most important components. When they occur together at the locality, a preference of N. speciosa for C. limosa stands or for those combined with C. lasiocarpa was noticed. Carex rostrata is prevailing in the habitats only at six localities in E Poland (3–4 of them are secondary habitats). Other vascular plants only exceptionally constitute the main component: Rhynchospora alba (locality No. 43, but with Carex limosa), Equisetum fluviatile (No. 50, generally for the first time in N. speciosa) and Molinia caerulea (partly No. 63, not in water!). At several localities, Scheuchzeria palustris and Agrostis canina play an important but not a leading role. The ‘lawn-like’ texture of vegetation is mainly formed by the narrowleaved Carex species. A mosaic of loose and dense formations, with a predominance of fairly dense ones, constitute the best conditions. Due to regular additives – Menyanthes trifoliata, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Peucedanum palustre, Potentilla palustris – the vegetation appears less dense. The submerged vegetation is mainly composed by: (a) flooded parts of helophytes, both live and dead, (b) edge parts of Sphagnum mats, (c) floating Sphagnum and other mosses, mainly Warnstorfia fluitans, (d) Utricularia minor or intermedia. With the exception of ‘a’ all other components are optional, but mosses are regular and Utricularia frequent. However, at a part of Broduszurki locality (No. 63), only ‘soup’ of W. fluitans occurs in water, while Molinia caerulea above directly adjacent land. Though in contact, habitats of larvae and imagines are generally separated in space there (Bernard, Daraż 2008). The water of the larval habitat is: (a) shallow, up to 30(40) cm, (b) frequently slightly brownish-yellowish, (c) fast warming up and warm, (d) rather acid, pH 3,3–6,9, mostly 4–5,5, (e) poor in electrolytes, conductivity low 20-90 μS/cm, mostly <50 μS/ cm, exceptionally above 150 (up to 378 μS/ cm), (f) poor in nutrients, dystrophic though described also as oligotrophic, rarely mesotrophic. In some habitats (type II), the water can temporarily disappear from the vegetation surface as a result of long term precipitation deficits. The larvae may probably survive this situation hidden in soaked mats of Sphagnum and other mosses. Considering the regress, N. speciosa has been classified into the category EN in the Polish red list (Bernard et al. 2002). Eight local populations in Poland are protected in nature reserves and three in national parks. Additionally, buffer zones in the range of up to 100 m around localities with N. speciosa, proposed by one of us (RB), were legally implemented in Poland in 2004 by the Ministry of Environment, so far in theory only. The authors propose to cover nine most valuable localities (not protected at all so far) with this conservation measure.
PL
Na terenie województwa łódzkiego pierwszy przypadek lęgu bielika Haliaeetus albicilla odnotowano w roku 1985. Od końca lat 90. zaobserwowano szybki wzrost liczby par lęgowych, mimo że pewne cechy środowiska województwa łódzkiego, takie jak silne odlesienie, niewielka liczba zbiorników wodnych itp. czynią jego obszar mało dogodnym dla tego gatunku. W roku 2007 odnotowano na terenie województwa 12 terytoriów zajętych przez pary. Nieomal dla wszystkich najważniejszymi żerowiskami były stawy rybne. Tylko w jednym przypadku bieliki prawdopodobnie żerowały głównie na zbiorniku zaporowym, choć i one mogły polować także na stawach rybnych. Odległość pomiędzy gniazdem, a stawami lub zbiornikiem wynosiła od 500 do 5900 m, średnio 2570 m. Gniazda (N=20) były budowane głównie na sosnach (N=9) i olchach (N=9), w drzewostanach w wieku 70-120 lat. Prawdopodobnie ze względu na niski wiek drzew, na których bieliki sytuowały swoje gniazda, odnotowano szereg przypadków obsunięć gniazd. Bieliki często gniazdowały w małych lasach. Powierzchnie najmniejszych zadrzewień wynosiły: 1,4 ha, 9 ha, 23 ha i 95 ha. Sukces lęgowy w latach 1999-2006 wyniósł 73% (N=37 lęgów). Produkcja młodych na parę lęgową wyniosła 1,05, a na parę z sukcesem 1,44. Zaobserwowano istotny statystycznie w czasie wzrost wartości obu ostatnich parametrów.
EN
The population of the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla has been studied in the Łódź Voivoidship since 1985, when the first breeding attempt was observed. The rapid increase of breeding pairs has been noticed since late 90th, although some enviromental characters of the Łódź Voivoidship as a high level of deforestation, small number of watrebodies etc. make its area not very suitable for the species. Threre were 12 occupied teritories of the white-tailed eagle in 2007. The fish ponds were main feeding areas for nearly all pairs. Only in one case, eagles probably fed mainly on dam reservoir, although they could hunt on fish ponds either. Distance between nest and nearest fish pond or reservoir were 500-5900 m, average 2570 m. Nests (N=20) were built mainly on pines Pinus silvestris (N=9) and alders Alnus glutinosa (N=9), in tree-stands aged 70-120 years. The numerous cases of nests’ falling down could be caused by the low age of trees where nests were located. The eagles often built their nests in small forests. Areas of the smallest ones were: 1.4 ha, 9 ha, 23 ha and 95 ha. The breeding success in 1999-2006 was 73% (N=37 broods). The production of young was 1.05 per and 1.44 per successfull pair. In time, it was observed the statistically significant increase of both last parametres values.
EN
Eight new localities of Nehalennia speciosa (Charpentier, 1840) were found in the Biebrza river valley, NE Poland, six of them in the Biebrza National Park (Figs 1, 2). The Biebrza river valley is famous as the largest complex of marshes in Poland and in Central Europe. N. speciosa has never been recorded there before. Six out of eight localities were found in the southern basin of the river that is best preserved, with vast areas of fen mires. The locality "Osowiec-Twierdza" (Fig. 1) represents small dystrophic water bodies with the Sphagnum moss mat; N. speciosa is present in the nearby Carex rostrata swamp. Habitats of the other seven localities (fen mires) are different from those most typical of the species in Poland as they do not contain Sphagnum. Additionally, these fen mires are floristically rich in comparison with many other habitats of A', speciosa in Poland. Locality "Bagno Ławki" is especially untypical as the plant community there is dominated by Equi- setum fluviatile that is known from only very few other localities of N. speciosa in Poland. Special feature of five out of six localities in the lower basin of the Biebrza valley is the dominance of Carex rostrata that is a common characteristic of the localities in eastern Poland. The presence of N. speciosa, recorded in vast areas of fen mires of the Biebrza valley may suggest that other localities of the species are to be discovered there.
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