W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wskaźnika nośności CBR mieszaniny popiołowo-żużlowej pobranej ze składowiska Elektrowni „Skawina" z uwzględnieniem wpływu obciążenia i wilgotności. Próbki do badań formowano przy wilgotności zbliżonej do optymalnej oraz mniejszej od niej o około 7% i większej o około 3%. Próbki w trakcie badania obciążono siłą o wielkości 22 i 44 N. Stwierdzono, że wskaźnik nośności mieszaniny popiołowo-żużlowej zależał w istotny sposób od wilgotności, przy której były formowane próbki oraz w mniejszym stopniu od obciążenia. Najwyższe jego wartości uzyskano dla próbek formowanych przy wilgotności zbliżonej do optymalnej, najniższe dla próbek formowanych przy wilgotności większej od optymalnej.
EN
This paper presents the results of California Bearing Ratio tests of ash-slag mixture from „Skawina" power plant landfill with consideration of the influence of loading and moisture content. The tests were based on samples formed at the moisture content close to the optimal one, lower by about 7% than the optimal one and higher by about 3% than the optimal one. During the test the samples were loaded with 22 and 44 N. It was stated that the bearing ratio of ash-slag mixture greatly depended on the moisture content of samples and to a lesser extent on the loading applied. The highest values were obtained for samples formed at the moisture content close to the optimal one, the lowest — for samples formed at the moisture content higher than the optimal one.
Production of electricity and heat energy in Poland is largely based on the combustion of coal and lignite in power plants. Combustion of coal is associated with the production of significant quantities of wastes. Given the possibilities of their using, the most important product of combustion is fly ash and recently – fluidized fly ash. Tests on properties of fluidized fly ash are mainly focused on determining the impact of its addition on the mechanical properties of concrete or the setting time of self-hardening slurries, while little is known about its mechanical parameters. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of density, moisture content and maintenance duration on shear strength, CBR ratio and compressive strength of fluidized fly ash from Power Plant "Połaniec". The study was performed in terms of assessing their possibility of use for the purpose of road construction. CBR ratio was determined at three various values of moisture content determined from compaction curve of the fly-ash. CBR ratio tests were done for samples directly after compaction and after 4 days of the soaking in water. Shear strength was determined in a direct shear apparatus on samples compacted at a moisture content close to the optimum and three values of the compaction index IS = 0.90, 0.95 and 1.00. Determination of compressive strength was carried out on samples immediately after preparation and after 7, 14, 28 and 42 days of air, air-water and air-water maintenance process including 3, 7, and 14 cycles of freezing and de-freezing. The results revealed that in accordance with the geotechnical nomenclature the tested fluidized fly-ash's grain-size distribution corresponds to sandy silts. The fly-ash has high value of maximum dry density. CBR ratio of fly-ash samples after 4 days of soaking in water were very high and ranged from 199 to 277%. It can be underline that in case of both tests series, the obtained CBR indexes were positively correlated with increasing initial moisture content of tested samples. The parameters of the shear strength were high. It was stated that the higher values of compaction indexes, the higher values of the angle of internal friction and cohesion were obtained. The compressive strength of samples was high, ranging from over 2.2 MPa to approximately 6.0 MPa. The largest increase in strength was obtained after 7 days of maintenance. The maximum values of compressive strength after 42 days of maintenance, were obtained for samples which were subjected to air and air-water maintenance process. Freeze-thaw resistance index value obtained for a short 3 cycles of freezing and de-freezing process was greater than 1.0, which means that tested fly-ash was not prone to freezing process. Increasing number of freezing and de-freezing cycles affected the freeze-thaw resistance index value, which was well below 1.0, indicating a significant loss of compressive strength. To sum up, the test results on the fluidized fly ash from Power Plant "Połaniec" revealed that the fly-ash has good compaction properties, bearing capacity and shear strength. In contrast, the particle size of the fly-ash is unfavorable from the viewpoint of its use in road embankments. In turn, the results of the CBR and compressive strength tests confirmed the presence of hydration properties of fluidized fly ash thus indicating the possibility of its use in road hydraulic binders.
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W artykule przedstawiono problem określania i interpretacji Kalifornijskiego Wskaźnika Nośności CBR w przypadku gruntów „wątpliwych” stanowiących podłoże gruntowe dla nawierzchni drogowych i lotniskowych. Zwiększający się ruch kołowy powoduje konieczność stosowania złożonego układu warstw konstrukcyjnych generujących zróżnicowane obciążenia stałe na grunt. Obciążenia na podłoże gruntowe i naprężenia przez nie wywoływane są zmienne w zależności od kategorii ruchu oraz ciężaru warstw konstrukcyjnych. Na podstawie proponowanych zestawów typów nawierzchni z Katalogu Typowych Nawierzchni Podatnych i Półsztywnych (od KR1 do KR7) przeprowadzono wiele oznaczeń CBR w przypadku gruntów „wątpliwych”. Pozwoliło to określić zmienność parametru CBR od zastosowanego w czasie badania obciążenia stałego imitującego naciski od układu warstw konstrukcyjnych. Uzyskane wyniki badań umożliwiły również analizę wpływu nośności podłoża gruntowego w zależności od stosowanego układu nawierzchni i pośrednio kategorii ruchu.
EN
The paper presents the problem of defining and interpreting the Californian Bearing Ratio, which is a subsoil for road and airport pavements. Increasing circular motion makes it necessary to use a complex set of construction layers generating differentiated fixed loads on the ground. The load on the subsoil and the stresses generated by them are variable depending on the traffic category and the weight of the above construction layers. Based on the proposed pavement type sets from the Katalog Typowych Nawierzchni Podatnych i Półsztywnych (from KR1 to KR7) a number of CBRs have been performed for problematic soils. This allowed us to determine the variability of CBR parameters from the applied static load implicitly applying pressure from the structural layers. The obtained results also made it possible to analyze the influence of soil substrate load depending on the surface system and traffic categories.
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