Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Einige Beobachtungen zur Stellung der Verben im Verbalkomplex im Nebensatz im Deutschen und im Niederländischen

100%

Jarosińska E.

Acta Philologica

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2015

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nr 46

46-50

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu są wybrane aspekty tworzenia grup czasownikowych w zdaniu podrzędnym w dwóch pokrewnych językach – niemieckim i niderlandzkim. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na podobieństwa i różnice występujące w obu językach w odniesieniu do problemu szyku czasowników w grupach czasownikowych.

EN

The article presents selected aspects of verb phrases in the subordinate clause in two related languages – German and Dutch. It discusses both the similarities and differences in the two languages with respect to word order in verb phrases.

2

On Word Order and Its Relation to Genres of Old Czech Literature

80%

Navrátilová O.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2017

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tom 140

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nr 1-2

71-89

EN

The paper focuses on a phenomenon that has not been systematically studied in Czech paleo-bohemistics so far – how the word order behaviour of possessive pronouns in noun phrases (NP) is related to genres of Old Czech literary texts. The word order analysis of the excerpted data has shown that the word order of possessive pronouns in Old Czech NPs largely depends on the individual style of the author and on the genre of the text. One can therefore probably assume that the word order behaviour of possessives in Old Czech NPs was considerably affected by style. Our research has thus also confirmed what is often mentioned in connection with the texts of the first and second Old Czech biblical redactions: one of the typical features of the new translation of the New Testament of the second biblical redaction (unlike the oldest translation) is its dominant tendency to preserve the original Latin structures in the translated text. In terms of word order, this adherence to the Vulgate results in a dominant tendency to put the modifying (adnominal) components of the NP to the post-nominal position. It is therefore likely that the post-nominal position of possessive pronouns, which had been probably activated by the word order in Latin, was used for stylistic reasons.

3

Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: oflag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu

80%

Hook P.

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2011

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tom 53

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nr 2

25-34

EN

This paper examines possible motivations for departures from canonical clause-final word order observed for the finite verb in Hindi-Urdu and other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Depiction of speaker attitude in Premchand's novel godān and the imperatives of journalistic style in TV newscasts are shown to be prime factors. The emergence of V-2 word-order in Kashmiri and other Himalayan languages may have had a parallel history.

4

Looking for structure: Is the two-word stage of langugae development in apes and human children the same of different?

70%

Patkowski M.

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2014

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tom 4

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nr 3

507-528

EN

Previously published corpora of two-word utterances by three chimpanzees and three human children were compared to determine whether, as has been claimed, apes possess the same basic syntactic and semantic capacities as 2-year old children. Some similarities were observed in the type of semantic relations expressed by the two groups; however, marked contrasts were also uncovered. With respect to the major syntactic mechanism displayed in two-word child language, namely word order, statistically significant differences were found in all three comparisons that were tested. These results indicate that chimpanzees do not exhibit the linguistic capacities of 2-year old children.

5

Interpretacja "w czasie rzeczywistym": struktura tematyczno-rematyczna a teoria relewancji

70%

Sax D. J.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2012

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nr 2(8)

173-203

EN

The paper examines the relationship between the abstractly understood Thematic-Rhematic Structure (TRS) of utterances, a theoretical approach initiated by Bogusławski (1977), and the "online" processing and interpretation of utterances in real time by the hearer. Focusin on three Polish examples, we propose a more dynamic approach to TRS based on ideas from Relevance Theory (Sperber and Wilson 1995), and redefine the notions "theme" and "rheme" in dynamic terms, from hearer's perspective. We present a formalis for modeling how the multi-level nature of TRS emerges out of real-time processing mechanisms: different theme-rheme divisions may arise at different (earlier or later) stages of processing. A main claim is that presuppositional and stylistic effects related to the flexibility of sentence stress position and word order in Polish can be explained well in such a dynamic model. On the sub-utterance level, both stress position and word order ("exponents" of TSR) serve to guide the hearer's investment of effort into positing and verifying hypotheses about the explicit and implicit content of the utterance as a whole, while processing by the hearer is still underway.

6

Serbo-Croat Clitics and Word Grammar

51%

Čamdžić A. , Hudson R.

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2007

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tom 5

5-50

EN

Serbo-Croat has a complex system of clitics which raise interesting problems for any theory of the interface between syntax and morphology. After summarising the data we review previous analyses (mostly within the generative tradition), all of which are unsatisfactory in various ways. We then explain how Word Grammar handles clitics: as words whose form is an affix rather than the usual ‘word-form’. Like other affixes, clitics need a word to accommodate them, but in the case of clitics this is a special kind of word called a ‘hostword’. We present a detailed analysis of Serbo-Croat clitics within this theory, introducing a new distinction between two cases: where the clitics are attached to the verb or auxiliary, and where they are attached to some dependent of the verb.

7

Interpozice ve staré češtině

51%

Navrátilová O.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2017

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tom 100

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nr 3

139-147

EN

The paper focuses on word order in nominal phrases (NP) in which the modifying components of the NP are extracted outside their syntactic domains. These components are separated from the head of their phrase by another word (or words) not bound by the syntactic relations inside the NP, and therefore appear in a distant position, away from the dominating noun. This distant position of NP modifying components tends to be on the periphery in the modern Czech system; however, some authors (e.g. Trávníček, 1956, p. 154) consider it to be a word order variant which is rather typical of earlier stages of Czech language development.

8

De gevolgen van de valentie van psych-verbs voor de woordvolgorde in het middenstuk

41%

Kijonková J.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2016

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tom 64

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nr 5: Neofilologia. Numer specjalny

29-45

NL

Deze bijdrage is een samenvatting van mijn onderzoek naar de invloed van valentie van Nederlandse psych-verbs woorden op de woordvolgorde in het middenstuk van de Nederlandse zin. Sommige linguïsten hebben opgemerkt dat bepaalde werkwoorden het mogelijk maken het subject te plaatsen achter het direct of indirect object in het middenstuk van de zin, waardoor ze afwijken van de neiging om het subject voor het object te plaatsen. De meeste werkwoorden die op deze manier worden beschreven, worden psych-verbs of psychologische werkwoorden genoemd. Deze werkwoorden verwijzen naar een situatie waarin een levend wezen onderhevig is aan verandering van zijn psychologische toestand. Valentie wordt gedefinieerd als het vermogen van een werkwoord om een aantal elementen te binden teneinde een grammaticaal correcte zin te vormen. Valentie moet echter niet alleen bekeken worden vanuit syntactisch, maar ook vanuit semantisch oogpunt. Met andere woorden, ik ben niet alleen geïnteresseerd in het aantal elementen dat een werkwoord vereist maar ook in de semantische kenmerken van deze elementen, zoals bezieldheid, geaffecteerdheid, enz. In mijn onderzoek heb ik twintig psych-verbs geanalyseerd om uit te vinden welke aspecten van valentie de woordvolgorde van subject en object in het middenstuk kunnen beïnvloeden. De belangrijkste resultaten van de analyse worden in deze bijdrage weergegeven.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest podsumowaniem moich badań nad wpływem walencji tzw. psych-verbs („czasowników psychologicznych”) na szyk wyrazów podmiotu rzeczownikowego oraz dopełnienia rzeczownikowego w części środkowej zdania niderlandzkiego. Początek, środek i koniec zdania niderlandzkiego rządzą się ściśle określonymi prawami. Niektórzy językoznawcy zauważyli, że pewna grupa czasowników pozwala, aby podmiot stał za dopełnieniem w części środkowej zdania niderlandzkiego, co oznacza, że odbiegają one od tendencji umieszczania podmiotu rzeczownikowego przed dopełnieniem rzeczownikowym. Większość czasowników, które zachowują się w ten sposób, to tzw. psych-verbs. Czasowniki te odnoszą się do sytuacji, w której stan psychologiczny istoty żywej może być poddany zmianie. Walencja jest określana jako zdolność czasownika do połączenia danej liczby elementów w celu utworzenia zdania poprawnego gramatycznie. Walencja jednak nie może być postrzegana tylko z syntaktycznego punktu widzenia, ale również z semantycznego. Innymi słowy, nie interesuje nas wyłącznie liczba elementów, których czasownik wymaga, ale również semantyczne cechy tych elementów, takie jak np. ożywienie, usposobienie, itd. W badaniu zostało przeanalizowanych 20 psych-verbs, aby przekonać się, które aspekty walencji mogą wpływać na szyk podmiotu oraz dopełnienia rzeczownikowego w środkowej części zdania. Główne wyniki analizy przedstawione zostały w niniejszym artykule.

EN

This paper is a summary of my research on the influence of valency of Dutch psych-verbs on the word order of the nominal subject and nominal object in the middle field of the Dutch sentence. It’s been noted by some linguists that certain verbs allow for the subject to be placed behind the object in the middle field of the Dutch sentence, which means that they deviate from the tendency to place nominal subject before the nominal object. Most of the verbs described to behave in this manner are called psych-verbs or psychological verbs. These verbs refer to a situation in which an animate being can be subject to a change of their psychological state. Valency is defined as the ability of a verb to bind a number of elements in order to form a grammatically correct sentence. However, valency has to be seen not only from the syntactic, but also from the semantic point of view. In other words, I am not only interested in the number of elements a verb requires, but also in the semantic features of these elements such as animacy, affectedness etc. In my research I analyzed twenty psych-verbs to find out which aspects of valency can influence the word order of the nominal subject and nominal object in the middle field. The main results of the analysis are presented in this paper.

9

Funkcjonalna interpretacja tekstów historycznych. Dwa typy tekstów prolepsy w języku greckim na przykładzie Medei Eurypidesa (248-249) i Ewangelii wg św. Jana (12, 12-13)

41%

Sobotka P.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2012

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nr 1(7)

53-85

EN

The two parts of the article analyse the possibilities of a functional interpretation, in terms of the theme-rheme devision, of ancient texts. The author discusses examples from Classical Greek and Latin as well as New Testament Greek, especially their word order, grammatical and lexical features. On this basis he proposes an analytical approach to the description of the linguistic values connected on some degree with the communicative structure of these examples. The contextual procedures of indicating markers of thematic or rhematic elements of the sentences in question should be compared with conclusions drawing on the grammatical and semantic observations on the sentence constituents. The determination of theme and rheme exponents must be made - depending on the language - by verifying the means of coding information structure, relevant to the given language, text type, and time of its composition. A complete description of these means should be proceeded by detailed investigation of, for example, in the case of Ancient Greek: standard and contrastive word order, initial positions of utterances (including semantic descriptions of items involved in these positions), functions of the particles, conjunctions, articles, adverbs, personal pronouns, anaphors et al., syntactic and semantic roles of the constituents, etc. The second part of this article considers information status and value of Greek prolepsis. The author distinguishes morphological, syntactic and lexical prolepsis. The las two types are discussed using examples from Medea by Eurypides and the Gospel of St. John. The first example represents syntactic prolepsis, the second one - lexical. Neither the pronoun ἡμᾶς 'we' from Medea, nor the noun φοινίκων 'palm branches' from St. John's Gospel are thematic as claimed by some researches. Both syntactic and lexical prolepsis are components of a different level of utterances than the material one. The author postulates to consider them as rhematic rather than thematic. Prolepsis functions like quotation which comments on the whole utterance.

10

Indikace rématu v anglických a českých překladových textech

41%

Žáčková K.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2013

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tom 95

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nr 2

141-152

EN

The paper presents the findings of a detailed analysis of the position and syntactic functions of the rheme in English and Czech parallel texts representing four different genres. First, separate syntactic structures are compared with a view to ascertaining to what extent the position and the syntactic function of the rheme are retained. Then the means of indicating the rheme (word order, semantics, context, intonation and specific syntactic structures) are analysed. Findings are presented with quantitative data.