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Vehicle technical malfunctions and their impact on traffic safety

100%

Pawelec K.

nr 2

51-59

Traffic safety is closely interrelated to the technical condition of vehicles participating in road transport. The said condition should be understood comprehensively, not only in terms of technical fitness, equipment, loading methods, and safe passenger transport, but also from the perspective of passive safety aimed at minimising the impact of accidents. Unfortunately, the issues of providing passive safety, and its deficiencies, are often neglected, yet it is also crucial to penal liability. It is certain that the deficiencies identified are part of cause-and-effect relationships which are very often difficult to define in a straightforward way.

Kategoria poczytalności prawnokarnej w systemie prawa kanonicznego

84%

Burchard Ł.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

2017

tom 26

nr 4

73-110

In the canon law doctrine there is an agreement regarding the fact that the notion of legal accountability is wider than sanity. Legal sanity is based on previous existence of physical, psychological, moral and legal sanity and it means theoretical and practical judgement on the basis of which we assign a given person as an author concrete activity which is conscious and voluntary and which infringes moral norm or criminal regulation or criminal order. Consequently this subject must bear responsibility before the society. Pursuant to the canon 1321 § 2 of the Canon Law we distinguish two sources of legal sanity: wilful misconduct and negligence. Presumption of sanity is the supposition of freedom of the man who infringed a given legal regulation. This canonical presumption is based on the supposition that man, as a rule, is accountable for his actions because, as a rule, he acts freely.