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Obrzędowe pieczywo weselne podlaskiej tradycji wschodniej – korowaj, rahulki, dwojany, korowajczyki, huski

100%

Matus I.

Acta Neophilologica

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2020

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tom XXII/1

187-204

EN

This article presents types of ritual bread used as part of wedding customs, paying special attention to korowaj. In former villages, a wedding could not exist with-out the traditional korowaj and ritual baking pastries such as korowajczyki, dwojany, huski. Korowaj was treated as sanctity and it was sacralised. It was baked only once in a lifetime for the bride and for the groom. The paper discusses in detail the baking process, the accompanying rules and prohibitions and special songs which were sung. The ceremonial baking was prepared by a team of women – korowajnić. Dough served to predict the future life of the bride and the groom.Decorations made of dough were significant, characterized by timeless symbolism, for example, the most popular twisted spiral-like huski,double-branched sticks dwojany and triple-branched sticks trojany – both covered with dough. In time, new floristic and zoomorphic decorations appeared. Korowaj was round, which had a symbolic meaning as a wedding ring, and offered to newlyweds and the wedding guests. In former villages korowajczyki were also baked for the bride and used in magical procedures. Huski were given as gifts. The symbolic dwojany were prepared to protect marriage from disintegration. With the fall of tra-ditional culture, the old customs and wedding ceremonies disappeared and the baking of ritual pastries was ceased.

2

Hledání muslimské nevěsty: od dohodnutých sňatků k internetové seznamce

86%

Malecká J.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2015

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tom 25

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nr 1

3 - 9

EN

The study speaks about different strategies used for the selection of life partners, and ways how to get to know him/her in Arab Sunni society. A section is devoted to arranged marriages in the case of endogamy and exogamy whereby noticeable is the deciding influence of family members on the marriage. Through marriage not only a man and a woman but mainly two families are bonded, mutual family and ancestry bonds are strengthened and family wealth is extended. The author does not omit even individual dating strategies of girls and boys. She also pays attention to the possibilities to using the service of a paid matchmaker or the potential of Internet marriage agencies and social networks. The witnesses of informants – Sunni Muslims coming from Syria, Jordan and Palestine – constitute the major source of information.

3

Konštruovanie tradícií prostredníctvom činnosti folklórnych súborov

72%

Mušinková M.

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nr 1

118-126

EN

This study deals with constructing folk tradition by means of activities of local folklore ensembles whilst paying attention to continuous, interrupted and invented traditions. It also deals with terms folk and folklorism and interaction between them while focusing on the activity of a folk ensemble (= folklorism) which repertoire is based on folk origins, and its influence on preservation and development of local folklore. The research was conducted in two Ruthenian villages in the northeast Slovakia; in one of them operates a folklore ensemble. The starting point of the study is a hypothesis that a folklore ensemble helps to revitalize local traditions. From methodological point of view the study is based on field research. The main goal of the work is confirmation or disproval of the hypothesis using an example of a local tradition — wedding ceremony. Using detailed analysis, the study is looking for analogical and differential elements between the individual weddings in one locality while paying attention to the change of wedding in time (comparison of current weddings from the recordings with traditional Ruthenian wedding described in literature by folklorists) and comparing this ceremony in both localities. The study is also trying to determine to what extent is a group/absence of a group affecting the individual wedding ceremonies.

4

Klaudian i jego tajemnica

58%

Wesołowska E.

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nr 38

279-289

EN

The aim of this chapter is to present the mythological poem by Claudianus about Proserpine’s kidnapping and marriage. The poem still encourage the scholars to discussion about its aim and the state of its preservation. I will also focus my attention to the intratextual as well intertextual connections joining the poem with itself and the wide ancient tradition. I will propose two very hypothetical lines of interpretation concerning the De raptu Proserpinae.

5

Zakładanie rodziny w krajach czeskich w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku

51%

Čapka F. , Vaculík J.

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nr (2/2016)

307-316

EN

In the period in question, the family in the Czech Lands was usually comprised of between five and seven members – father, mother and children. Founding a family was subject to the agreement of the lord of the manor (in the countryside) or the municipal authority (in the town). „Confirmation of probity” was requested from the seigniorial authorities in Catholic parishes even after the abolition of serfdom in the Habsburg monarchy (1781), while the approval of the couple’s legal representatives (parents) was also required in the case of the marriage of people younger than twenty-four (the age of maturity). Partners were chosen by parents according to their property and social standing. People to be married were generally not only from the same social class, but also from the same place or nearby in the surrounding area. No lower age limit for marriage was stipulated by the law, though grooms younger than twenty were the exception, while around a fifth of brides were younger than twenty. The family represented a small social group comprised of individuals joined by marriage, consanguinity or adoption. It was seen as an institution to which the greatest regard was given. Its integrity was protected by a number of laws and traditions. In the first half of the nineteenth century, women usually got married between the ages of twenty and twenty-five, and men between the ages of twenty-five and thirty. The upper age limit, however, approached a figure of as much as fifty, or even exceeded it, for men living in towns. The age of brides was also higher in town families, among which couples being engaged for many years was also not unusual. This was particularly common among clerical workers, who had to attain a certain standing in order to be able to found a family. What’s more, according to the imperial decree of 1800, every state or municipal official needed the agreement of his superior if his pay had not reached a certain financial „ceiling”. A marriage licence was also conditional to the attainment of a certain service position for policemen, soldiers, financial guards and teachers. People entered into marriage earlier in Moravia than in Bohemia. Around ten percent of the population of the Czech Lands remained unmarried. As far as women were concerned, these were maids and the daughters of less affluent tradesmen, clerical workers or poor aristocratic families that did not have a sufficiently large dowry. In the first half of the nineteenth century, there was an increasing number of „deferred weddings”, particularly in the towns, when a couple became married only when they already had a number of illegitimate children; this was particularly evident in the border areas inhabited by a German population.

PL

W omawianym okresie w krajach czeskich rodzina składała się zwykle z 5–7 osób. Tworzyli ją ojciec, matka i dzieci. Założenie rodziny było uwarunkowane zgodą przedstawiciela władzy zwierzchniej (na wsi) i magistratu (w miastach). Również po zniesieniu pańszczyzny w monarchii habsburskiej (1781 r.) w parafiach katolickich wymagano od urzędów zwierzchnich tzw. potwierdzenia o niekaralności, natomiast u osób poniżej 24. roku życia (wiek umownej dorosłości) do zawarcia małżeństwa konieczna była tak że zgoda opiekunów prawnych (rodziców). Partnera wybierali rodzice, kierując się głównie posiadanym przez niego majątkiem i zajmowaną pozycją społeczną. Ślub zawierały zwykle osoby pochodzące nie tylko z tej samej warstwy społecznej, ale też z tej samej miejscowości lub bliskiej okolicy. Prawo nie regulowało dolnej granicy wieku, koniecznej do zawarcia małżeństwa, jednak kawaler liczący mniej niż 20 lat należał do rzadkości, natomiast panien poniżej 20. roku życia było około 1/5. Rodzina stanowiła małą grupę społeczną tworzoną jednostkami połączonymi więzami małżeństwa, pokrewieństwa lub adopcji. Była rozumiana jako instytucja najwyższej wartości. Jej nienaruszalność gwarantowało wiele przepisów oraz tradycja. W pierwszej połowie XIX wieku kobiety wychodziły za mąż najczęściej w wieku 20–25 lat, a mężczyźni w wieku 25–30 lat. W miastach mężczyźni żenili się mając nawet około 50 lat lub więcej. W rodzinach mieszczańskich podnosił się także wiek narzeczonych, podobnie jako okres trwania narzeczeństwa. Dotyczyło to zwłaszcza urzędników; w ich przypadku założenie rodziny było uzależnione od osiągnięcia określonej pozycji. Ponadto, zgodnie z dekretem cesarskim z 1800 roku, każdy urzędnik państwowy lub miejski musiał posiadać zgodę swojego przełożonego, o ile jego pensja nie osiągnęła pewnego pułapu finansowego. W przypadku żandarmerii, żołnierzy, straży finansowej i nauczycieli pozwolenie na ślub było związane ze zdobyciem pewnej pozycji służbowej. Na Morawach, w porównaniu z Czechami, wcześniej zawierano związki małżeńskie. Około 1/10 ludności w krajach czeskich była stanu wolnego. Biorąc pod uwagę kobiety chodziło o służące, córki mniej zamożnych rzemieślników, urzędników lub panny pochodzące z zubożałych rodzin szlacheckich, które nie posiadały wystarczająco wysokiego posagu. W pierwszej połowie XIX wieku, przede wszystkim w miastach, zwiększała się liczba tzw. ślubów odroczonych. Mamy tu na myśli związki małżeńskie zawierane dopiero wówczas, kiedy para partnerów miała już kilka nieślubnych dzieci; było to szczególnie widoczne w obszarach przygranicznych zamieszkałych przez ludność niemiecką.