Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ekshumacje czy badania archeologiczne?

100%

Florek M.

Raport

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2020

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tom 15

369-375

EN

The article discusses the current legal status regarding the methods of dealing with closed, threatened with destruction or accidentally discovered early modern cemeteries and burial sites, especially the war related.

2

Na stos rzucony życia los

100%

Domańska R.

Zieleń Miejska

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2019

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tom Nr 11

40--41

PL

Na terenie Polski od wieków chowano żołnierzy w pobliżu stacjonowania armii, miejsc bitewnych lub tam, gdzie napotkał ich kres drogi. Zazwyczaj były to miejsca anonimowe, gdzie obok grobów ludności cywilnej miejsce znajdowały także mogiły żołnierskie.

3

The cartographic methods of presentation and GIS tool in analysis of historical data on the example of Great War cemeteries in southern Poland

100%

Lisek K. , Nieścioruk K.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2015

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tom Vol. 47, No. 4

225--239

EN

The paper deals with the application of Geographic Information System software in cartographic data presentation in the field of historical data mining. Lists of soldiers buried in the I world war cemeteries near Jasło were used. The prepared database helped to create series of maps, mainly diagram maps, that serve as a useful statistical and demographic characteristics of the phenomena. The authors stressed advantages of the solution used and the usefulness of historical data in spatial database preparation process. The shortages of the GIS software itself were also pointed out, especially as long as cartographic editing and methodology principles are concerned.

4

War cemeteries from 1915 in the area of the former Ostrów county – places of memory and memory of places

75%

Figiel R.

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nr XXXI

141-154

PL

Artykuł dotyczy cmentarzy pierwszowojennych położonych na terenie dawnego powiatu ostrowskiego, w granicach z czasów II Rzeczypospolitej. Autor referuje obecny stan wiedzy na temat wymienionych nekropolii, omawia etapy tworzenia cmentarzy wojennych, podejmuje próbę identyfikacji poległych, pochowanych na tych cmentarzach, na podstawie publikowanych po wojnie niemieckich list strat oraz kronik poszczególnych jednostek wojskowych, biorących udział w działaniach wojennych na terenie frontu wschodniego pierwszej wojny światowej. Podejmuje także refleksję nad celowością i sposobami zachowania śladów Wielkiej Wojny dla przyszłych pokoleń.

EN

The article concerns World War I cemeteries located in the former Ostrów County, within the borders of the Second Republic of Poland. The author presents the current state of knowledge about these necropolises, discusses the stages of war cemeteries creation, attempts to identify the fallen who were buried in these cemeteries on the basis of German “loss lists” published after the war as well as the chronicles of particular military units involved in war operations in the eastern front of World War I. He also reflects on the advisability and ways of preserving the traces of the Great War for future generations.

5

Zachodniogalicyjskie cmentarze z okresu I wojny światowej – niejednoznaczne dziedzictwo w nowych przestrzeniach politycznych

63%

Ruszała K.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2022

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tom Nr 70

131--145

PL

Artykuł omawia cmentarze wojenne z okresu 1914–1918 w Galicji Zachodniej na przestrzeni lat, analizując te obiekty jako niejednoznaczne dziedzictwo, w trzech różnych przestrzeniach: czas wojny (1914–1918), czas postimperialny (1918–1939), czas powojenny (1945–1989). Niniejsze opracowanie pokazuje, w jakim stopniu dziedzictwo wojny zmieniło swoje znaczenie w odbiorze społecznym, biorąc pod uwagę uwarunkowania polityczne. Pierwszy okres charakteryzuje się dwuznacznością: między humanitarną aprobatą i troską o groby poległych żołnierzy a dezaprobatą środowisk artystycznych, które krytykowały architekturę cmentarzy wojennych jako obce style i sztukę, nieprzystającą do istniejącego krajobrazu. Drugi okres odnosi się do okresu po roku 1918 i oswajania z tymi miejscami jako „naszymi” cmentarzami, gdzie w tle dyskurs Legionów Polskich przyćmił znaczenie wielonarodowych armii. Wreszcie trzeci okres dotyczy zapomnienia tych miejsc, marginalnych inicjatyw i niszczenia obiektów. Ich sytuacja zmieniła się wraz z oddolnymi inicjatywami lat siedemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych. XX wieku.

EN

The article discusses the war cemeteries of 1914–1918 in Western Galicia over the years, analyzing these sites as an ambiguous heritage, in three different spaces: the war period (1915–1918), the post-imperial period (1918–1939) and the post-war period (1945–1989). This publication shows to what extent the legacy of the war has changed its meaning in public perception, given the political circumstances. The first period is characterized by ambiguity: between humanitarian approval and care for the graves of fallen soldiers, and disapproval by artistic circles who criticized the architecture of war cemeteries as alien styles and art, incompatible with the existing landscape. The second period refers to the period after 1918 and the familiarization with these places as “our” cemeteries, where the discourse of the Polish Legions overshadowed the importance of multinational armies in the background. Finally, the third period concerns the forgetting of these places, marginal initiatives and the destruction of objects. Their situation changed with the grassroots initiatives of the 1970s and 1990s

6

Pochówki wojskowe z pierwszej wojny światowej na terenie Lwowa i powiatu lwowskiego. Zarys problemu

63%

Tomczyk R.

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2023

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nr 2(37)

117-151

EN

The article is an attempt to introduce the little-known in Polish science issue of World War I war graves in Lviv and other localities of the Lviv district, i.e., Eastern Galicia/ Eastern Malopolska, in the lost lands. World War I war cemeteries and soldiers’ quarters were destroyed in Soviet Western Ukraine after World War II.

7

Nasze czy obce? Cmentarze wielkiej wojny w Małopolsce. Zagrożenia i perspektywy

51%

Partridge A.

Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

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2018

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tom Nr 5

135--144

PL

Mija 100 lat od wybudowania w dawnej Galicji Zachodniej, dzisiejszej Małopolsce ponad 400 cmentarzy wojennych, będących pamiątką walk między armią austro-węgierską i carską. Pośród poległych znaleźli się żołnierze wielu narodowości i różnych wyznań. Przez lata cmentarze te pozostawały zaniedbane, co zaczęło się zmieniać po roku 1989. Dziś problemem jest nie tylko konserwacja ich zabytkowej substancji, ale dewastacja na tle ideologicznym. W artykule podjęta została problematyka ochrony ocalałych ponad 370 miejsc pamięci zarówno z materialnego punktu widzenia, jak i sposobów wpisania tych pomników w społeczną pamięć historyczną tak, aby stały się częścią naszej tożsamości.

EN

It is now 100 years since the development in the former Austro-Hungarian province of West Galicia, today's Polish province of Malopolska, of more than 400 war cemeteries, which are a reminder of the fighting between the Austro-Hungarian and Tsarist armies at the time of the Great War. Among the fallen were soldiers of many different nationalities and religions. For many years, these cemeteries remained neglected, a situation which fortunately began to change only after 1989. Today, one of the problems is the conservation of their historic existence, not only the constructional decay but also the increasingly ideological devastation. The article discusses the protection of more then 370 surviving memorial sites from both the material point of view as well as the ways in which they can be added into our historical memory in order for them to become part of our national identity.

8

W stulecie hekatomby. Cmentarze wojenne z lat 1914-1918 w dawnej Galicji Zachodniej jako unikatowy zespół sepulkralny. Dzieje, twórcy, symbolika, stan zachowania, problemy ochrony

51%

Partridge A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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nr 1

95-129

EN

The military operations during World War I in the territory of the former Western Galicia, that is, today’s Małopolska (Lesser Poland), were conducted with interruptions from November 1914 until the beginning of May 1915. It is estimated that over 60 thousand solders died in the fights lasting, with interruptions, six months and other 30 thousand died of wounds before the end of the war. On 3 November 1915, the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War with a seat in Vienna established nine Troops for War Graves in the territory of the Monarchy, of which three branches were formed in Galicia (Kraków – Western Galicia, Przemyśl – Middle Galicia, Lvov – Western Galicia). Kriegsgräber Abteilung des K.u.K. Militarkommandos Krakau, that is, Troops for War Graves at the Garrison Headquarters in Kraków was led by Captain (later Major) Rudolf Broch, and the conception officers: Captain Ludwig Brixel and Captain Hans Hauptmann cooperated with him. The task of the Troop was not only to tidy up battlefields, but also creating war cemeteries which would serve as an example for other Austro-Hungarian regions where war activities were still pursued, as well as to arrange war burials and commemorate the heroism of fallen soldiers. Within nearly three years, from 1916 to 1918, about 400 military cemeteries were established in the territory of the present-day Małopolska. The places of fights were divided into ten Cemetery Districts: I “Nowy Żmigród” (31 cemeteries), II “Jasło” (31 cemeteries), III “Gorlice” (54 cemeteries), IV “Łużna” (27 cemeteries), V “Pilzno” (26 cemeteries), VI “Tarnów” (62 cemeteries), VII “Dąbrowa Tarnowska” (13 cemeteries), VIII “Brzesko” (52 cemeteries), IX “Bochnia” (46 cemeteries), X “Limanowa” (36 cemeteries) and the Eleventh Cemetery District “Kraków Fortress” (22 cemeteries) which, as it was situated in the place under the command of the Fortess and, at the same time, was subject to the Troop for War Graves, was under a kind of a double superiority. Each of the districts was administered by an officer with technical or artistic education and an artistic administrator. Their duties included examining the area, supervising a selection of the place, a technical design, an artistic concept, ensuring the supply of building materials. In total, there were over people serving at the Troop, including drafters, photographers, various craftsmen, gardeners, as well as carefully selected designers, architects, sculptors. The people employed there were individualists favouring various artistic trends, originating from several important academic centres – Vienna, Munich, Kraków. The most famous of them included: a Slovakian architect Dušan Jurkovič, an Austrian sculptor Heinrich Scholz, Austrian architects: Hans Mayr, Gustav Ludwig, Emil Ladevig, Gustav Rossmann, Polish, Czech and Austrian artists: Wojciech Kossak, Alfons Karpiński, Henryk Uziembło, Adolf Kašpar, Franz Poledne, Leo Perlberger. That international team, designing and building the cemeteries, with a full respect, as well as the respect for the enemies, Russians, ensured a dignified burial of tens of thousands soldiers. The cemeteries created were rich in symbols, of which none is identical with others in spite of using the same architectonic elements. The idea of unification of graves was given up; instead, sophisticated cemetery solutions were employed. On the monuments, plaques with special inscriptions were fixed. Trees and plants with a symbolic meaning were planted around the graves. As a result, a unique cemetery complex was created in our land, which refers to many funerary traditions, with traces of Egyptian, Greek and Roman architecture. Apart from popularizing activities, publishing special series of postcards, stamps and cemetery medals, a special album was published in which all memorials were catalogued and described. It also functioned as a guide which would help the families of the deceased during their visits to the graves of their relatives in Galicia. In addition, special concrete signposts leading to each cemetery were provided. After the end of war activities, the war cemeteries in Galicia went under the administration of the Polish state. In the interwar period, some of the graves were liquidated, thus reducing the number of cemeteries of the complex in Galicia to about 380. Many graves were destroyed and forgotten in the period of People’s Polish Republic. However, since 1989, war cemeteries in Małopolska have been gradually saved and conserved thanks to state funds and the cooperation of local governments with the representatives of Austrian Black Cross, as well as other initiatives. The memory of them is also restored. In the Western and Middle Europe, there are many places of memory and cemeteries from World War I. They mark the lines of former trenches and are a manifestation of cruelty of the global conflict. They differ from the war cemeteries in Małopolska, since they were built after the war, concentrating fallen soldiers, unifying, creating national cemeteries where soldiers from enemy armies are sought in vain. In that context, the war cemeteries situated in present-day Małopolska are unique on the European scale, a testimony of humanism and respect towards the death of both own and enemy soldiers.

9

Problem zanikania pamięci o miejscach spoczynku żołnierzy poległych w walkach nad Rawką i Bzurą w latach 1914–1915

44%

Zalewska A. I. , Cyngot D.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2017

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nr 32

119-156

EN

The article deals with the causes and manifestations of the process of disappearing remembrance of war cemeteries from the area of combats on the Rawka and the Bzura rivers during the Great War. The disappearance of the war cemeteries from the landscape and from the social consciousness we describe on the example of one of the communes included in the framework of the project Archaeological revival of the memory of the Great War (acronymically described as ARM). We discuss the attempts to determine the number of resting places of the fallen soldiers as well as the ways to achieve better understanding of cause-and-effect relations, which brought about the current condition of these places. Resulting from war operations of the First World War led from December 1914 to July 1915, tens of thousands of soldiers of Russian and German troops lost their lives in this region. The remains of the fallen in battle, those never buried, and those deposited in war cemeteries and war graves – were left behind on the battlefield. It is worth mentioning that the remains of the fallen, previously unburied soldiers, will be buried in ossuaries, whose foundation we (as archaeologists) postulate in the context of two war cemeteries. One of the recommended places (Joachimów- Mogiły War Cemetery) is situated in the area of discussed here Bolimów commune and the other is in the area of the Nowa Sucha commune (Borzymówka War Cemetery). Referring to the disproportion between the number of places currently regarded as war cemeteries (in the formal and conservatory sense) and the potential number of actual resting places of soldiers killed in the battles of the Rawka and the Bzura in 1914–1915 (in the ontological and humic sense), we confronted what is real with what is formal. This prompted us to ask the following questions: why were the war cemeteries from the First World War left out from the study area; how does this obliteration manifest itself and what contributed to the fact that these cemeteries were deprived of the status of protected places – despite the applicable legal provisions? Helpful in recognition of the undertaken problems was the confrontation of data that made up various forms of prolonging the memory of the Great War such as: ‘archives’ memory’, people’s memory, ‘memory of earth’. These include: • results of the archaeological research identification of selected sites related to military operations through analysis of archival and contemporary aerial photographs and the Digital Terrain Model (DTM – generated from the Airborne Lasser Scanning data, as part of the ARM project, as well as surface surveys and survey excavations of selected objects etc.); • archival data (Files of the City of Łowicz, Chronicle of Łowicz history from the first 9 months of the Great War 1914–1915, W. Tarczyński, Files of Bolimów Commune, regimental books, wartime memoirs etc.), • information obtained by using ethnographic methods (interviews with inhabitants of the region where the battle took place); • anthropological data (anthropological analyses of the remains of soldiers taken during archaeological research from outside war cemeteries). The outcome of correlation of these data is the presentation of the current state of resting places of soldiers killed between 1914 and 1915 in the area of Bolimów commune and a reflection on the links between the past and the present. Based on the critical analysis of the information available, we argue that archaeology can play the role of a common ground for the actions undertaken in relation to the difficult heritage of the not-so-distant past that we encounter in the case of material remnants of the Rawka and the Bzura rivers after the First World War. In our opinion, this example shows that the work of an archaeologist may constitute a unique and valuable field for socially engaged transdisciplinary research. It can also become the basis for reflecting on how far the war, cultural reevaluations and direct and indirect consequences of military actions affect the current state and constant transformation of the entangled anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic entities of the complex landscapes of the former battlefield as well as the landscape of remembrance of the Great War.

PL

-

10

Czysto ludzka sprawa? Archeologiczne przywracanie pamięci o trudnej przeszłości przez tropienie naturo-kulturowych przemian cmentarzy wojennych

44%

Zalewska A. , Cyngot D. , Czarnecki J. , Kiarszys G.

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tom 23

EN

In this article the outcomes of historical, archaeological, spatial and anthropological research concerning material remnants of the war cemeteries left by the Great War in Central Poland, in the area of Rawka and Bzura are presented. On the example of one of the four communes (Nowa Sucha) subjected to research under the project Archaeological Revival of Memory of the Great War (ARM), the processes of creation, transformation, decay, destruction and re-making present the resting places of the soldiers fallen between December 1914 and July 1915 are shown. In the first part, we sketch the output atmosphere that accompanied the primary context in which war cemeteries were established and place the war cemeteries in the network of social, formal and legal determinants. In the second part, we frame the historical and social contexts in which the resting places of the fallen soldiers of the German and Russian armies were massively created. Than, we show the difficulties associated with locating particular war cemeteries and signal strengths and obstacles in correlating results of archival research and use of remote sensing and archaeological methods in order to restore the memory of war cemeteries and establish their current and future condition as material warnings. Also we stress the looping of cultural and natural factors both in the process of protecting and destroying material condition of war cemeteries. Finally, on the example of one of the cemeteries we show how slow and arduous but at the same time promising can be the process of transformation from a forgotten/plowed cemetery into a place of/in memory, and as an agent struggling with the continuous nature-cultural transformations.

PL

In this article the outcomes of historical, archaeological, spatial and anthropological research concerning material remnants of the war cemeteries left by the Great War in Central Poland, in the area of Rawka and Bzura are presented. On the example of one of the four communes (Nowa Sucha) subjected to research under the project Archaeological Revival of Memory of the Great War (ARM), the processes of creation, transformation, decay, destruction and re-making present the resting places of the soldiers fallen between December 1914 and July 1915 are shown. In the first part, we sketch the output atmosphere that accompanied the primary context in which war cemeteries were established and place the war cemeteries in the network of social, formal and legal determinants. In the second part, we frame the historical and social contexts in which the resting places of the fallen soldiers of the German and Russian armies were massively created. Than, we show the difficulties associated with locating particular war cemeteries and signal strengths and obstacles in correlating results of archival research and use of remote sensing and archaeological methods in order to restore the memory of war cemeteries and establish their current and future condition as material warnings. Also we stress the looping of cultural and natural factors both in the process of protecting and destroying material condition of war cemeteries. Finally, on the example of one of the cemeteries we show how slow and arduous but at the same time promising can be the process of transformation from a forgotten/plowed cemetery into a place of/in memory, and as an agent struggling with the continuous nature-cultural transformations.

11

The Use of Chemical Weapons on the Eastern Front of World War One (1915) and its Material and Discursive Remains – the Challenge and Stimuli for Attentive Travel, Systematizing, Storage, Connecting, in situ Preservation and Making Public Real Virtual and Digital Heritage of Weapons of Mass Destruction

26%

Zalewska A. I.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2020

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nr 35

243-273

PL

Artykuł zawiera teoretyczną i praktyczną propozycję postrzegania i traktowania materialnych i dyskursywnych pozostałości po użyciu broni chemicznej – wszędzie tam, gdzie jeszcze istnieją – jako bodźców do refleksji nad bronią masowego rażenia i jako ostrzeżeń przed jej stosowaniem. Na konkretnym przykładzie wyników badań archeologiczno-historycznych prowadzonych na historycznym polu bitwy – stanowiącym pozostałość po odcinku Frontu Wschodniego między Sochaczewem na północy a Skierniewicami na południu – sformułowano następujące argumenty (wykraczające poza omawiane tu studium przypadku) i przemawiające za: zasadnością i niezbywalnością gromadzenia, systematyzowania i interpretowania informacji źródłowych i badań, które mogłyby przyczynić się do zaistnienia repozytorium wiedzy o materialnych i dyskursywnych pozostałościach historycznych zastosowań broni chemicznej (CW) i broni masowego rażenia (BMR); potrzebą dokumentowania, digitalizacji i ochrony in situ pozostałości przeszłości, które są częścią ważnego, choć trudnego, transnarodowego bolesnego dziedzictwa; koniecznością podjęcia bardziej intensywnych, systematycznych i skoordynowanych działań upowszechniających wiedzę o stosowaniu broni chemicznej w przeszłości oraz celowością upowszechniania wiedzy o misji i działalności osób i organizacji zaangażowanych w proces minimalizowania zagrożeń wynikających ze stosowania broni masowego rażenia we współczesnym świecie, jak np. Organizacja ds. Zakazu Broni Chemicznej (OPCW – skrót od ang. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons). W artykule zaprezentowane zostały argumenty przemawiające za tym, że warto badać, dokumentować, zabezpieczać, interpretować i uobecniać w przestrzeni publicznej wiedzę o stosowaniu broni chemicznej, np. poprzez tworzenie repozytoriów (z wykorzystaniem przestrzeni realnych i wirtualnych oraz materialnych i cyfrowych danych), refleksyjną turystykę kulturową i uważne podróżowanie. Mogłoby to następować poprzez transdycysplinarne działania np. z udziałem archeologii, historii, studiów nad pamięcią, etnologii, krajobrazoznawstwa, pedagogiki (zwłaszcza edukacji dla pokoju), studiów nad turystyką itp. Historyczne krajobrazy gazowe (krajobrazy naznaczone atakami gazowymi określane tu jako gasscapes) – jak m.in. naszkicowany w tym artykule element krajobrazu dzisiejszej centralnej Polski, który był świadkiem pierwszego masowego użycia przez armię niemiecką pocisków gazowych w styczniu 1915 r., a także ataków falowych z wykorzystaniem trującego chloru (prawdopodobnie z fosgenem), zostały w artykule przedstawione jako predestynowane do tego, by służyć nam i przyszłym pokoleniom jako symbole bolesnego dziedzictwa broni chemicznej. Dodatkowo zwrócono uwagę, że pewne działania mające na celu poznawanie, dokumentowanie, utrwalanie, obejmowanie formalną ochroną i opieką śladów i świadectw, systematyzowanie i upowszechnienie wiedzy o doświadczeniach związanych z bronią chemiczną (czy szerzej bronią masowego rażenia), powinny zostać podjęte niezwłocznie. Przemawiają za tym m.in. bezpowrotnie znikające pozostałości materialne (jak np. cmentarze wojenne, na których spoczywają ofiary zastosowania broni chemicznej), będące ostatnimi świadkami. Teren dawnego pola bitwy (na Równinie Łowicko-Błonskiej), na którym armia Cesarstwa Niemieckiego wielokrotnie użyła broni chemicznej w roku 1915, nadal kryje szczątki do niedawna prawie całkowicie zapomnianych ofiar broni masowego rażenia. Stąd nacisk kładziony na znaczenie tego obszaru i innych podobnych miejsc jako destynacji uważnych podróży (realnych i wirtualnych), które nie powinny nas pozostawiać obojętnymi i niezainteresowanymi.

EN

The article includes a theoretical and practical proposal for perceiving and treating material and discursive remains of using chemical weapons – wherever they still exist – as stimuli for reflection on weapons of mass destruction and as warnings. Based on the specific example of the outcomes of the archaeological and historical research conducted in the historic battlefield – the section of the Eastern Front between Sochaczew in the north and Skierniewice in the south, the following more general appeals have been formulated: – for inalienability of collecting, systematizing and interpreting source information and studies that could together make up a real and digital repository of knowledge on material and discursive remains of historical uses of chemical weapons (CW) and potentially further on of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); – for documenting, digitalising and protecting in situ remains of the past that, despite representing a challenge for contemporary people, constitute a part of important, however difficult, transnational painful heritage; – for undertaking more intense, systematic and coordinated activities to disseminate knowledge about past use of CW and about the mission and activities of individuals and organisations involved in the process of minimizing the threats of weapons of mass destruction in the modern world (such as the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons – OPCW). It is worth exploration, as well as documentation and protection (with the aid of archaeology, history, memory studies, ethnology, landscape studies, educational studies – especially on Peace Education, tourism studies etc.) e.g. by means of transdyscyplinary research and working on establishing real and virtual repositories of knowledge on CW, OPCW, outreach, education on transnational painful heritage, reflective cultural tourism, attentive travel etc. The historical gasscapes (landscape marked with gas attacks) – such as an element of the landscape of today’s central Poland, sketched in this article, that bore witness to the very first mass use of gas shells in January 1915, as well as wave attacks with poisonous chlorine (possibly combined with phosgene) in the battlefield, has been presented as particularly predestined to serve as a symbols of CW painful heritage, triggers for reflection on BMR and carriers of even though weaker and disappearing living memories. Additionally, the attention was drawn to the fact that certain activities aimed at documenting, consolidating, systematizing and disseminating knowledge about the experiences related to CW (or more broadly, WMD) should be undertaken immediately. Some disappearing material remains prove it. The area (in present days Poland) of a former battlefield, where the army of the German Empire repeatedly used chemical weapons in 1915, still conceals the bodies of – until recently – almost completely forgotten victims of CW. Hence the emphasis put on the significance of that area and other similar places as destinations for attentive travel (real and virtual) following evocative remains will not leave us indifferent and uninterested.