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Student Scientific Club in Research for Road Safety

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Jaszczur W. , Marciniak Z.

Safety & Fire Technology

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2023

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tom Vol. 62, iss. 2

136--148

EN

Aim: Presentation of the potential of the student scientific club for road safety in Poland. Discuss the extent to which the student scientific club in its research activities supports and implements the concepts of identifying road safety risks and submits proposals for improving its condition and related processes. Project and methods: In the research on the visibility of vulnerable traffic participants, a theoretical method – NUR threat analysis – was used to define the research problem. A research problem was formulated in the form of a question: to what extent and under what conditions does NUR visibility affect their safety? Visibility tests were conducted in real conditions after dusk. The following recording devices were used to study the movement parameters of modern means of transportation (bicycles and electric scooters): a Gopro camera, a Sony IV RX10 camera (which realizes 4D recording), a drone with a vision camera, and a Brake Tester retarder. Results: The study of the visibility of vulnerable traffic participants from the perspective of the driver presents parameters for the visibility of pedestrians and cyclists in conditions after dusk. Participants (students) in the visibility study were made aware of the issue of visibility, and therefore the safety of the traffic participant in the situation of illuminated vehicle (bicycle) and without lighting, as well as a pedestrian on the road without a reflective element. They formulated the conclusion that seeing does not mean being seen.The result of the single-track motion tests was that the Brake Tester Model LWS -2/MC retarder, after the performance test, does not provide a measurement of the single-track motion parameters. This is an important practical finding from the research, as vehicle inspection stations are equipped with this device. The acceleration and deceleration values of the bicycle and electric scooter were determined. Conclusions: The research activities of the students of the scientific club in question not only make them aware of the risk factors of becoming a victim of an accident as a vulnerable traffic participant, but also allow them to deepen their knowledge, broaden their cognitive perspectives and supplement their skills through practical activities, for example, in the area of NUR visibility determinants or the characteristics of powered vehicles. The transfer of the results of the conducted research is carried out through the participation of students in seminars and scientific conferences, as well as in journalistic activities.

PL

Cel: Przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania potencjału studenckiego koła naukowego na rzecz bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Polsce. Omówienie zakresu, w jakim studenckie koło naukowe w swojej działalności badawczej wspiera i wdraża koncepcje identyfikacji zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego oraz przedkłada propozycje poprawy jego stanu oraz związanych z nim procesów. Projekt i metody: W badaniach widoczności niechronionych uczestników ruchu (NUR) do zdefiniowania problemu badawczego zastosowano metodę teoretyczną – analizę zagrożenia NUR. Sformułowano problem badawczy w postaci pytania: w jakim stopniu i w jakich uwarunkowaniach widoczność NUR wpływa na ich bezpieczeństwo? Badania widoczności przeprowadzono w rzeczywistych warunkach po zmierzchu. W badaniach parametrów ruchu nowoczesnych środków transportu (rowerów i hulajnóg elektrycznych) użyto następujące urządzenia rejestrujące: kamerę Gopro, aparat fotograficzny Sony IV RX10 (realizujący zapis nagrania 4D), dron z kamerą wizyjną oraz opóźnieniomierz Brake Tester. Wyniki: W badaniach widoczności niechronionych uczestników ruchu z perspektywy kierującego samochodem przedstawiono parametry widoczności pieszego i rowerzysty w warunkach po zmierzchu. Uczestnikom (studentom) badania widoczności uzmysłowiono kwestię widoczności, a więc bezpieczeństwa uczestnika ruchu w sytuacji oświetlenia pojazdu (roweru) i bez oświetlenia oraz pieszego na drodze bez elementu odblaskowego. Sformułowano konkluzję, że widzieć nie znaczy być widzianym. Efektem badań ruchu jednośladów było stwierdzenie, że opóźnieniomierz Brake Tester Model LWS-2/MC, po teście sprawności, nie zapewnia pomiaru parametrów ruchu jednośladu. Jest to ważna praktyczna konstatacja wynikająca z przeprowadzonych badań, bo w urządzenie to są wyposażone stacje kontroli pojazdów. Wyznaczono wartości przyspieszeń i opóźnień hamowania roweru i hulajnogi elektrycznej. Wnioski: Działania badawcze studentów omawianego koła naukowego nie tylko uświadamiają czynniki ryzyka stania się ofiarą wypadku jako niechroniony uczestnik ruchu drogowego, ale ponadto pozwalają na pogłębienie wiedzy, poszerzanie perspektyw poznawczych i uzupełnienie umiejętności poprzez działania praktyczne np. w obszarze uwarunkowań widoczności NUR czy właściwości pojazdów zasilanych energią elektryczną. Transfer wyników prowadzonych badań realizowany jest poprzez udział studentów w seminariach i konferencjach naukowych oraz w działalności publicystycznej.

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Concept and prototype of the safety system for pedestrians and cyclists in the immediate vicinity of larger vehicles

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Simiński D. , Burdzik R. , Rozmus J. , Nowak B. , Misterek D.

Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport

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2024

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tom Vol. 6, No 2

45--59

EN

The article presents selected methods and technical solutions currently used to warn and inform road users about the possibility of a pedestrian-driver collision situation. The solutions available on the market do not provide solutions for the transmission of two-way information in the pedestrian-driver relationship for systems built on large-size vehicles. Possible detection devices are presented along with their evaluation, and additionally the research process confirming the validity of the adopted approach in relation to the created system is presented. A prototype of the System supporting the safety of vulnerable road users in the vicinity of large-size vehicles was also presented, meeting the assumptions regarding informing both drivers approaching large-size vehicles located in bus bays, sensitive places where pedestrians and cyclists are hit. The presented system stands out from among the generally available systems for increasing the safety of pedestrians and cyclists. The biggest innovation of the system is the introduction of the possibility of communication between users around large-size vehicles, the ability to transmit information to the outside to both drivers and pedestrians without having to engage the attention of the driver of the vehicle on which the system is built, which can significantly increase the chances that at the time of a potential dangerous situation, one of the parties will react correctly and thus no accident will occur. The article describes publicly available solutions as well as an innovative safety system for pedestrians and cyclists around large-size vehicles.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane metody i rozwiązania techniczne obecnie stosowane w celu ostrzegania, informowania użytkowników dróg o możliwości wystąpienia sytuacji kolizyjnej pieszy-kierowca. Rozwiązania dostępne na rynku nie przewidują rozwiązań przekazywania informacji dwukierunkowej w relacji pieszy-kierowca dla systemów zabudowanych na pojazdach wielkogabarytowych. Przedstawiono możliwe do wykorzystania urządzenia detekcyjne wraz z ich oceną, dodatkowo przedstawiono proces badawczy potwierdzający zasadność przyjętego podejścia w stosunku do tworzonego systemu. Przedstawiono również prototyp systemu wspierającego bezpieczeństwo niechronionych uczestników ruchu znajdujących się w okolicy pojazdów wielkogabarytowych, spełniających założenia dotyczące informowania zarówno kierowców zbliżających się do pojazdów wielkogabarytowych znajdujących się w zatokach autobusowych, czyli miejscach newralgicznych, gdzie dochodzi do potrąceń pieszych i rowerzystów, jak również niechronionych uczestników ruchu drogowego, takich jak piesi. Prezentowany system odróżnia się na tle dostępnych systemów zwiększających bezpieczeństwo pieszych i rowerzystów. Największa innowacja systemu to wprowadzenie możliwości komunikacji pomiędzy użytkownikami znajdującymisięwokółpojazdówwielkogabarytowych,możliwość przekazania informacji na zewnątrz zarówno do kierowców jak i pieszych bez konieczności angażowania uwagi kierowcy pojazdu, na którym system jest zabudowany. Może to znacząco zwiększyć szanse, że w momencie wystąpienia potencjalnej sytuacji niebezpiecznej, któraś ze stron zareaguje w sposób prawidłowy i tym samym nie dojdzie do wypadku. Artykuł opisuje rozwiązania ogólnodostępne jak również innowacyjny system bezpieczeństwa dla pieszych i rowerzystów w otoczeniu pojazdów wielkogabarytowych.

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Interactions between autonomous vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians from the perspective of potential users and non-users of autonomous vehicles

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Vondráčková L. , Trepáčová M. , Zámečník P.

Transport Problems

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2022

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tom T. 17, z. 1

115--126

EN

In a few years, autonomous vehicles will slowly become part of traffic flow. This paper evaluated the level of perceived fear of interactions of autonomous vehicles (AVs) with other (vulnerable) road users of different actors in the Czech Republic. Data from the first exploratory project from 2017/2018 are used for the evaluation. A logistic regression model is utilised to evaluate the predictors that influence the fear resulting from interactions of AVs and cyclists or pedestrians. Kilometres driven last year was positively associated with fear of interactions with pedestrians or cyclists (OR = 1,251, p = 0.032). The level of concerns about the risk of AVs is also positively associated with fear of interactions (OR = 1.087, p = 0.000). Out of all socio-demographics and socio-economics, only gender was distinguished regarding the level of fear, with women having a higher chance than men of being fearful (OR = 1.871, p = 0.005). Then, the same model is utilised to evaluate the variables that influence the fear of interactions of Avs and other non-Avs. Only the general level of concerns about the risk of AVs is associated with the level of fear of interactions of AVs and non-AVs (OR = 1.149, p = 0.000). Since these results are only partly in accordance with those obtained in Western countries, our paper concludes that for central European countries, more research is needed to understand the local context and implications of autonomous mobility.

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Enhancing road safety for vulnerable road users - the role of autonomous emergency braking systems

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Pełka M. , Ucińska M. , Kruszewski M.

Transport Problems

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2024

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tom T. 19, z. 2

95--107

EN

Vulnerable road users are the largest group of road accident victims in the world. At the same time, it should be noted that most road accidents are caused by the motor vehicle driver. An opportunity to increase the level of road safety is emergency braking systems installed in vehicles. Their task is to detect the risk of a collision with another object, issue a warning to the driver and, in the absence of reaction, perform emergency braking. The publication presents the results of research conducted by the Motor Transport Institute as part of the PEDICRASH project. As part of the work, a series of tests of the autonomous emergency braking system were carried out to check unusual but probable cases of events in which it should work. The tests were carried out in a closed area using a few selected models of popular passenger car brands. An additional data acquisition system and dummies imitating vulnerable road users: pedestrians and cyclists were used. The constructions represent the silhouette of an adult person and meet the requirements of the Euro NCAP AEB Protocol. The time of the collision at the time of issuing a warning to the driver was analyzed. Assuming that the vehicle was moving uniformly, the distance from the obstacle was calculated at the time of issuing the warning and after the driver's reaction time (0.7 s and 1 s were assumed) from this signal. The deceleration necessary to brake the vehicle was calculated and it was determined whether the driver would have a chance to brake the vehicle before a pedestrian or a cyclist in a given situation. For cases in which the driver would not be able to brake in time, the speed of the vehicle with which it would hit the vulnerable road users was calculated. Possible injuries and accident costs were then estimated.

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Investigation of biomechanics of skull structures damages caused by dynamic loads

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Ptak M. , Ratajczak M. , Kwiatkowski A. , Sawicki M. , Wilhelm J. , Fernandes F. A. O. , Druszcz A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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tom Vol. 20, no. 4

143--150

EN

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of cranial sutures on the crack behaviour of a human skull after the impact. The authors focused on the assessment of skull breaking nature, based on a real-world vehicle-to-bicyclist accident. In the state of the art, there is still no consensus about sutures mechanical properties. Currently, most of the numerical head models do not have distinguished cranial sutures. Methods: The authors compared different elastic properties for cranial sutures and their influence on the nature of the skull fracture. The mathematical and numerical modelling have been applied to mimic the nature of the skull fracture. The LS-DYNA explicit code with material models featuring the erosion of finite elements was used. The models of the skull with different cranial sutures properties were impacted against a validated front-end of a vehicle. Results: Various fracture patterns were obtained for different material properties of the sutures and the results were compared to a model without the cranial sutures. Based on the results, a graph was plotted to indicate differences in sutures energy absorption capabilities. The numerical results were supported by the mathematical modelling. The developed diagram may enable better understanding of the complex mechanical phenomena on the suture interface. Conclusions: Biomechanical evidence was provided for the important role of the sutures in numerical models as well as their significant influence on the biomechanics of skull fractures caused by dynamic loads.

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Problems with assessing safety of vulnerable road users based on traffic accident data

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Olszewski P. , Osińska B. , Szagała P. , Skoczyński P. , Zielińska A.

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2016

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tom Vol. 62, nr 4/II

149--168

EN

The problem of poor quality of traffic accident data assembled in national databases has been addressed in European project InDeV. Vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and moped riders) are especially affected by underreporting of accidents and misreporting of injury severity. Analyses of data from the European CARE database shows differences between countries in accident number trends as well as in fatality and injury rates which are difficult to explain. A survey of InDeV project partners from 7 EU countries helped to identify differences in their countries in accident and injury definitions as well as in reporting and data checking procedures. Measures to improve the quality of accident data are proposed such as including pedestrian falls in accident statistics, precisely defining minimum injury and combining police accident records with hospital data.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia częściowe wyniki projektu InDeV, którego celem jest pogłębiona analiza przyczyn wypadków z niechronionymi uczestnikami ruchu (NUR). W ramach projektu zbadano jakość i spójność danych o wypadkach drogowych gromadzonych w krajach UE na podstawie raportów policyjnych. Problem zaniżonej liczby wypadków oraz niewłaściwego określania ich ciężkości dotyczy w szczególności NUR (pieszych, rowerzystów, motocyklistów i motorowerzystów). Wykonano analizy statystyczne oparte o dane pochodzące z europejskiej bazy o wypadkach drogowych CARE. Analiza ujawniła trudne do wytłumaczenia różnice pomiędzy krajami, zarówno w odniesieniu do trendów liczby wypadków, jak i wskaźników ofiar śmiertelnych i rannych.

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The relationship between bicycle traffic and the development of bicycle infrastructure on the example of Warsaw

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Krukowicz T. , Firląg K. , Sobota A. , Kołodziej T. , Novačko L.

Archives of Transport

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2021

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tom Vol. 60, iss. 4

187--203

EN

The article presents the relationship between the intensity of bicycle traffic volume and the development of bicycle infrastructure on the example of Warsaw. There has been a big increase in cycling over the last decade. At the same time, the linear and point bicycle infrastructure developed very strongly. Similar trends are also observed in other cities in Poland. The article presents the types of infrastructure available to cyclists. Then, the method of assessing the bicycle infrastructure is presented, taking into account the five features of good bicycle infrastructure: cohesion, directness, attractiveness, safety and comfort. In terms of coherence, the analysis covered the bicycle infrastructure network in the vicinity of the measurement site. The directness was tested by checking the accessibility of several dozen of the most important nodal points of the city's communication network. The attractiveness was examined by checking the availability of public bike stations, bicycle racks and bike-sharing stations. The infrastructure adjusted to the technical class of the road was adopted as a measure of safety. The comfort was checked by analyzing the quality of the road surface, which affects the driving comfort and energy expenditure. All the factors presented impact the cyclist's assessment of the infrastructure. To standardize the assessment rules, an aggregate index of the development of bicycle infrastructure was determined. The analysis was carried out for 10 sample points for four consecutive years. The points were characterized by different bicycle infrastructure, location in the city road network and different results of bicycle traffic measurements. The analysis showed a strong positive relationship between traffic and cycling infrastructure for most of the analyzed places. There was a negative dependence in the case of the construction of alternative routes in relation to the place of traffic measurements. The obtained results are the same as in the works of other authors. However, the effects of work do not allow to determine which of the examined factors is the cause and which is the effect but only show the existing relationship.