Increased orbit size is suggested to be an adaptation for enhanced visual acuity and sensitivity in conditions of reduced light quality. Whilst light ambience has a well established correlation with eye size in birds and primates, evidence in humans is very limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the anatomical compensations of the eye and visual cortex as a result of varying levels of light exposure. It was hypothesized that humans of higher latitudes will have an increased orbit size to improve visual sensitivity and acuity in conditions of decreased light, and thus greater cranium size due to enlarged visual cortices. Craniometric measurements of 1,209 male and 1,021 female individuals from 27 series coming from different latitudes were sourced from William W. Howells Craniometric Data Set. Mean cranial and orbit size was calculated by combining linear craniometric measurements of length, width and height for individual males and females at each latitude. Linear regressions of orbit and cranial size on latitude were created and significance was measured using Pearson’s r and P value. Partial correlations were calculated to test whether orbit size correlates with latitude independent of cranial size. Significant positive correlations were found between i) orbit and cranial size and ii) orbit size and latitude and iii) cranial size and latitude in males and females. Additionally, partial correlation values for latitude and orbit size were significant in both males and females. The relationship between visual system size and increasing latitude among humans is currently understudied. Significant relationships between visual system size and increasing latitude suggest that enlarged eyes were an evolutionary mechanism for individuals with compromised light availability. Other factors related to varying geographic location may also play a role
Zamiarem autora jest wskazanie związków zachodzących pomiędzy percepcją elementów przestrzeni architektoniczno-urbanistycznej otaczającej człowieka a jego komfortem psychicznym i stosunkiem do współmieszkańców. Rozpatrywany problem jest przedmiotem badań nauk socjologicznych i psychologicznych, jednak wnioski powinny być wykorzystane jako narzędzie w warsztacie architekta. Obok głównych działań twórczych w skali architektonicznej i urbanistycznej konieczne jest zwrócenie uwagi na rozwiązanie elementów najbliższego otoczenia człowieka w budynkach i na zewnątrz oraz uwzględnienie aspektów społecznych związanych z jakością codziennego życia jednostek i całej zbiorowości. W artkule przedstawiono sytuacje, w których architekt może - poprzez konkretne działania - wpłynąć na uczynienie otaczającej przestrzeni przyjazną dla wszystkich, a szczególnie dla ludzi starszych i niepełnosprawnych.
EN
Identity of a city - as a subject of the conference, is the effect of longstanding architectural and town planning performance, undertaken within a framework of the process of cities' and districts' revitalization. The author would like to point to relations between man's perception of architectural and town planning elements of the surrounding space (immediate built-up area), and his mental wellbeing as well as his relation to other inhabitants. The considered problem is a subject of sociological and psychological studies, but obtained conclusions should be incorporated into an architect's work. Besides main principles of creation, the necessity is to give consideration to social aspects connected to quality of daily life of individuals as well as collectiveness. This study will depict situations, when an architect can - through specific performance - make surrounding space friendly for all, but especially for aged and disabled people.
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