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First helminthological data on Iberian vipers: Helminth communities and host-parasite relationships

100%

Santos X. , Martinez-Freiria F. , Pleguezuelos J. M. , Roca V.

Acta Parasitologica

2006

tom 51

nr 2

European vipers are ambush predators with sporadic feeding events, thereby maintaining the digestive tract empty for long periods. According to previous studies relating lizards’ dietary habits and their helminth faunas, we predict poor gastrointestinal helminth communities in vipers. To test this hypothesis, we have examined the digestive tract of 86 specimens of Vipera aspis (L., 1758) and V. latastei Boscá, 1878, from several localities of the Iberian Peninsula. We found adults of only two nematode species Kalicephalus viperae (Rud., 1819) and Ophidascaris sp. and cysts adhering to the external wall on the stomach in case of two other nematode species Ascarops strongylina (Rud., 1819) and Spirurida gen. sp. All these nematodes are common parasite species in snakes, although Ophidascaris sp. has never before been recorded in Vipera sp. The low prevalence and small number of parasite species in Iberian vipers matched their low feeding rates. However, our results contrast with studies in Poland and Belarus of V. berus species, in which nematodes, as well as trematodes, are common and abundant. Rainfall rates are lower in the Iberian Peninsula than in eastern Central Europe, where amphibians are more available and consumed by V. berus. Amphibians, intermediate hosts for these helminths, have been recorded only sporadically as prey for V. aspis and V. latastei, thus supporting the absence of trematodes in both Iberian viper species. Among populations of Iberian vipers, the prevalence of parasites correlates with the feeding rate (i.e. percentage of vipers with prey), suggesting a linkage between the two parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that several factors, including climatic characteristics of localities, feeding rates of predators, and type of prey consumed, influence the number and type of parasites in Iberian vipers.

Wąż i jego symbolika w Biblii

80%

Lemański J. A.

Verbum Vitae

2017

tom 32

13-54

A serpent or viper is one of the most popular symbols within many cultures word-wide. In the Ancient Near East it had positive as well as negative connotations, but in the Bible the latter predominate. There, the serpent typically represents chaos, magic, a state of threat, death, or deceit. Nevertheless, among the numerous biblical metaphors and comparisons employing the image of the serpent or viper, there are some which present a positive image. In the older strata of biblical texts, especially those taken from the Book of Exodus (Chapters 4 and 7) or the Book of Numbers (Chapter 21), we find positive references in which a serpent represents JHWH and his healing power.

Wąż i żmija należą do najbardziej popularnych symboli. Występują w tej roli w niemal wszystkich kulturach świata. Starożytny Bliski Wschód znał zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne skojarzenia związane z symboliką węża. W Biblii przeważają raczej te drugie. Wąż reprezentuje tu najczęściej chaos, świat magii, sytuacje zagrożenia, śmierć i podstęp. W licznych metaforach i porównaniach można znaleźć jednak czasem także pozytywne przykłady związane z wężem lub żmiją. W tle niektórych wypowiedzi, zwłaszcza z Księgi Wyjścia (Wj 4; 7) i Księgi Liczb (Lb 21), również dostrzec można takie pozytywne aspekty związane z symboliką węża. Reprezentuje on w tych tekstach YHWH oraz posiadaną przez Niego moc uzdrawiania.

Parasites of Vipera berus L. in Poland

70%

Lewin J. , Grabda-Kazubska B.

Acta Parasitologica

1997

tom 42

nr 2

As many as 152 specimens of Viper a berus from various localities in Poland, examined for parasites, yielded 21 species including 4 adult trematodes, 5 meso- and metacercariae, 1 larval cestode, 5 adult nematodes, 2 nematode larvae, 1 adult and 1 larval acanthocephalan, 1 tick and 1 mite. No one of these species might have been regarded as specific of the viper. All adults were common parasites of other reptiles and amphibians, the larvae used the viper as paratenic hosts. Some differences have been observed in infection of vipers from various regions of Poland, as well as differences dependent on sex and age of the vipers. The latter are considered as related to host behaviour.

The biological and medical significance of poisonous animals

61%

Hossam El-Din M. O.

Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences

2013

tom 03

nr 1