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EN
The diversity of language etiquette forms has already been noted by linguists (the author presents the evolution of the way it has been defined in their works). However, this issue does not appear very often in the works of scholars. The article aims at presenting several different types of politeness that have been defined on the basis of various different criteria. For example the substance of expression, which involves d istinguishing between two types of politeness: one expressed in language and the other expressed by non-linguistic means. Another criterion refers to social commonness and according to this criterion we can distinguish between elementary politeness, courtesy and formal etiquette. Diversity of language etiquette can be regarded as resulting form the pragmatic features of a speaker. Culture-based differentiation enables us to talk about ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ politeness. According to the author, teaching different types of language etiquette is an important part of teaching Polish as a foreign language.
EN
The aim of the paper is to compare the formal organization of a visual message with the rhetorical devices used in verbal expression. This analysis is carried out based on the example of the sculpture Dual by Zbigniew Władyka. Creativity found in the rhetorical devices used in the sculpture Dual to trigger and amplify feelings proves that they can be used even in this form of artistic expression. Creativity in the analysed sculpture is represented by the unification of Germany, reflected in the form of the transformation of two characters into one. The sculpture is meant to inspire, to be an object (res) directing the viewer toward personal reflection, and invoking projections of fear and doubt, but also of confidence and courage. Confidence and courage are represented by a strong figure with a head, firmly standing on her feet. Fear and doubt are represented by a weak figure, carried by the first one. The centripetal composition used in the sculpture suggests merger rather than destruction. The sensory perception of the viewer is controlled by directional tensions, which lead the viewer’s sight along designated linear directions. As described earlier by S. Witkiewicz, directional tensions and motionless substance correspond to a rhetorical enlarging and diminishing. By interacting with the sculpture, you can experience these devices. Not only visualization is at work here, as in verbal communication, but also physical experience. The presented analysis shows that a sculptural work of art can be analysed in a similar way to verbal communication. Of course, not all verbal devices have their counterparts in visual communication, but the basic content and emotions can be expressed regardless of the code.
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Content available remote Zakłócenia w komunikacji językowej w dzisiejszej Polsce
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EN
Disturbances in communication have been inherent to the Polish society during the period of political transformation after 1989, which coincided with the electronic “revolution” in civilization and the growing domination of visual message transmission over verbal means of communication. In those conditions a new variety of the Polish language has emerged, for which I use the term “turn of the 21st century everyday communication Polish”, which is replete with foreign-language elements and numerous neologisms and semantic neologisms. As a result, primarily due to various external non-linguistic factors, the entire Polish language community has stratified. The most significant divisions are consistent with age group boundaries. Younger generations are more easily adaptable to modern ways of communication and have incomparably more extensive knowledge regarding the general area of electronics. However, they frequently lack general humanistic knowledge and traditional verbal communication skills. Conversely, older generations adapt to the new reality with lesser or greater difficulty, including the acceptance and acquisition of the multiplicity of new lexemes and forms, which constantly pour in as they are created in the surrounding world. However, they maintain a higher level of general knowledge and more traditional patterns of social communication than their younger counterparts. In the article I discuss the most prominent properties of everyday Polish language (lexical, semantic, phraseological, and derivational) and linguistic behaviors specific to contemporary social communication.
PL
Tematem referatu jest komunikacja werbalna na lekcji JPJO ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli lektora w dyskursie dydaktycznym. Analiza transkrypcji 13 lekcji języka polskiego w SJPdC UŁ dała podstawy do wyodrębnienia różnych, ale i powtarzających się u wielu lektorów, strategii negocjacyjnych obecnych przy wprowadzaniu nowych treści. Wśród nich pojawiły się m.in.: negocjowanie znaczenia przy zastosowaniu języka pośredniczącego, pytań, elementów dyskusji, potwierdzenia czy negacji. Strategie te miały na celu przede wszystkim ustalenie znaczeń semantycznych i kulturowych poszczególnych wyrazów, właściwych form gramatycznych, ale również zaktywizowanie i zachęcenie studentów do czynnego udziału w lekcji JPJO.
EN
The topic of the article is the verbal communication in the Polish as a foreign language classroom, including the teacher’s role the teaching/learning discourse. The analysis of the transcription of 13 lessons taught in the School of Polish for Foreigners at the University of Lodz was the basis for a list of various recurring negotiation strategies used in the process of content introduction. Among them there were: the negotiation of meaning with the use of a third language, questions, discussion, confirmation or negation. These strategies were mostly meant to establish the semantic and cultural meaning of vocabulary items and correct grammatical forms, but also to encourage the students to actively participate in the lesson.
PL
Komunikacja interpersonalna jest jednym z głównych instrumentów pracy każdego menedżera, gdyż zdecydowana większość jego pracy polega właśnie na komunikowaniu się z innymi. Umiejętne posługiwanie się zarówno komunikacją werbalną, jak i niewerbalną może skutkować dobrymi relacjami przełożonych z podwładnymi i ułatwić zarządzanie przedsiębiorstwem. Dyrektor jednostki oświatowej również ma przed sobą wyzwania w tym zakresie, często w postaci lawirowania między utrzymaniem dobrych relacji koleżeńskich nie rezygnując z relacji służbowych i prawidłowego wywiązywania się ze swoich funkcji. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie części wyników badania przeprowadzonego w jednej ze szkół podstawowych na terenie województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego. Głównym celem badania było sprawdzenie czy w badanej jednostce oświatowej komunikacja interpersonalna ułatwia proces zarządzania. Realizacja tego celu przebiegała przy pomocy celów cząstkowych w postaci: sprawdzenia sposobu komunikacji stosowanego wobec pracowników zatrudnionych w placówce na różnych stanowiskach, zbadania czy komunikaty werbalne dyrektora są zrozumiałe dla podwładnych i sprawdzenia skuteczności komunikatów i poleceń wydawanych przez dyrektora szkoły w opinii podwładnych. Hipoteza główna weryfikowana podczas badania zakładała, że w badanej jednostce oświatowej komunikacja interpersonalna ułatwia proces zarządzania. Postawiono również hipotezy cząstkowe zakładające, iż komunikaty werbalne dyrektora szkoły są skuteczne wobec większości respondentów, większość podwładnych rozumie komunikaty werbalne przełożonego, komunikaty i polecenia wydawane przez dyrektora placówki są w większości respektowane przez respondentów. Podczas badania wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety zawierający 18 pytań zamkniętych dotyczących komunikacji zarówno między współpracownikami, jak i między przełożonym i podwładnymi. Częściowe wyniki przedstawiono w tabelach. Cele badania zostały zrealizowane, a analiza zebranych danych umożliwiła pozytywne zweryfikowanie postawionych hipotez badawczych.
EN
Interpersonal communication is one of the main instruments of work every manager, because the vast majority of his work consists precisely in communicating with others. Skillful use of both verbal communication and nonverbal communication can result in good relations with superiors, subordinates and facilitate management. Director of the educational unit also faces a challenge in this area, often in the form of choosing between maintaining good relations with friends and trying not to sacrifice the business relationship and the proper discharge of his functions. The purpose of this paper is to present part of the results of the study conducted in a primary school in the Kuyavian – Pomeranian province. The main objective of the research was to examine whether in the audited education unit interpersonal communication facilitates the process of management. This objective proceeded with the partial objectives as: checking communication method applicable to employees employed at the facility in various positions, to examine whether verbal directions shall be understood by subordinates and verify the effectiveness of the messages and commands issued by headmaster, in the opinion of subordinates. Main hypothesis verified during the study assumed that in the audited education unit interpersonal communication facilitates the process of management. The partial hypothesis assumed that: verbal directions of headmaster are effective for the majority of respondents, the majority of subordinates understand verbal directions of headmaster, messages and commands issued by the director of the institution are respected by the majority of respondents. During the study a questionnaire containing 18 closed questions relating to communication both between colleagues and between superiors and subordinates was used. Partial results were shown in the tables. Objectives were met, and the analysis of the data enabled the positive verification of research hypotheses.
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of the teaching methods of German students in the process of production of highly skilled professionals, the advantages of some of those methods and the expediency of the implementation taking into consideration the present state of the domestic education sector are substantiated. The author defined the features of teaching German as a second foreign language to the students-economists based on their English language knowledge. The pedagogical conditions that ensure the effectiveness of teaching German are determined. Innovative technologies that enable individualization and differentiation based capabilities of students: technology of activity method, activity-technology “Debates”, project-based learning technology and technology of cooperation are proposed. Technology of activity approach in the process of teaching second language should consist of a number of features and require special selection of methods and techniques for its study. In the process of studying the first foreign language the following issues are presented: pronunciation; reading rules; intonation; word order; coordination of articles; conjugation of verbs; complex grammatical structures; some words are pronounced similar, but have different meanings. The assignment in German and English languages proposed to the German group allows to use units of common themes at the level if word usage that facilitates the process of learning of second foreign language (the presence of a specific and indefinite article; the formation of three major forms of verbs; the use of the verb sein (to be), haben (to have). In the article the author has identified factors that intensify learning of German language based on English language, like: possession of the Latin alphabet; vocabulary (borrowing of English words that are similar to German); grammatical knowledge. It has been proved that learning German as a second foreign language must be based on phonetic and pronouncing parameters within the speech activity. Teaching and learning German as a second foreign language based on English should be carried out by comparing or contrasting the phonetics, vocabulary, grammar of native tongue, first and second foreign languages. Accordingly, the process of learning should be based on the amount of knowledgeand experience that had been gained in the process of learning of the first foreign language, and take into account the level of existing knowledge of the native language. Knowledge of grammar plays a significant role in the process of learning of German language. In this regard, the phonetic aspect of speech should be mastered aside of practical activity during the thematic mastering of vocabulary and grammar material.
PL
W nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego można zauważyć znaczną lukę. Luka ta obejmuje nauczanie komunikacji pozawerbalnej. Wydawać by się mogło, że przyswojenie kodu pozawerbalnego polszczyzny nastąpi u studenta synchronicznie z rozwijaniem sprawności językowej, ale okazuje się, że interferencja pomiędzy kodem niewerbalnym wyniesionym z kraju ojczystego i kodem typowym dla kraju języka docelowego jest na tyle duża, że powoduje zakłócenia w komunikacji. Na tym polu równie często pojawiają się błędy glottodydaktyczne wynikające z braku świadomości, że ten aspekt porozumiewania się powinien być też nauczany w trakcie zajęć dydaktycznych. Artykuł ten ma zatem na celu wskazanie miejsc, na które należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę w procesie nauczania, by w miarę możliwości ograniczyć problemy komunikacyjne studentów z różnych kultur.
EN
In teaching Polish as a foreign language, it is easy to observe a gap, which covers teaching non-verbal communication. It seems that the acquisition of Polish non-verbal code will be synchronic with developing language fluency, but the interference between the non-verbal code brought from student’s own language and the one he is learning is so immense that it often causes disruption in communication. This is where appear the glottodidactic mistakes resulting from lack of teacher’s awareness of communication issues. The aim of this article is to point out the issues which should be included in the teaching process to reduce communication problems of students from different cultures.
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