The article attempts to develop a preliminary practical framework for urban criteria in terms of the population, economy and spatial location of the smallest towns in Poland. Despite being of little signicfiance, the fact that they lie near the border between being rural settlements and towns makes them an interesting subject for research and more detailed analysis. The current phenomenon of urban status being obtained by ever-smaller settlements is causing conceptual disorder. Therefore, the article may serve as an early contribution to a discussion about the need to denfie and unify urban criteria on a national scale. The qualitative and descriptive guidelines contained in ocfiial acts are insucfiient and too general, which is why quantitative methods were used in the present research. Despite the limited data available, research on the topic of urbanity has proven the imperfection of the Polish administrative system and conrfimed the premise that town status may be conferred inappropriately in numerous cases.
Artykuł stanowi propozycję namysłu nad „rozbitą przestrzenią” music-hallu, rozpatrywaną jako przykład nowej przestrzeni miejskiej, w której na początku XX w. kino jest przedmiotem regularnej konsumpcji w warunkach podobnych do tych, w jakich zachodzi praktyka flânerie. Starając się przywrócić kino architekturze „przechodniej”, jaką kreuje music-hall, autor bada ideę mobilności widzów, wychodząc od tych sposobów zajmowania przestrzeni i korzystania z niej, które podkreślają rolę widzenia i patrzenia (la vision), przechadzania się bez celu i konsumpcji. Okazuje się, że analizowane pod tym kątem filmy Georges’a Mélièsa, jak i te z udziałem Harry’ego Houdiniego, zajmują centralne miejsce w układzie atrakcji zmierzających do ponownego rozbudzenia w widzach strachu przed wypadkiem, a w szczególności przed „kolizją” między tym, co żywe, a tym, co mechaniczne, w przestrzeni, która – jak się wydaje – chroni publiczność przed zagrożeniami bulwarów.
EN
The article deals with the notion of “broken space” in music-hall, analysed as an example of new urban space, in which, in the beginning of the 20th century, cinema is an object of regular consumption under conditions similar to these in which the practice of flânerie takes place. Trying to restore cinema to the “transient” architecture that music-hall creates, the author explores the idea of audience mobility, starting from the ways in which space is occupied and used, which emphasize the role of seeing and looking (la vision), and aimless wandering without consumption. It turns out that the films by George Méliès and those with the participation of Harry Houdini analysed from this angle, take central place in the constellation of attractions aiming at re-awakening the fear of an accident among the spectators, especially between that which is alive and the mechanical, in space, which it would appear, protects the public from the dangers of the boulevards.
The globalized present is significantly characterized by mobilities and an analogy of possibilities. The transmission of images through digital media plays a central role in the communication. The expressions which can be subsumed under the “label of that ethno-cultural” have not become obsolete in an aestheticizing world, but they have been drawing increasing attention since the 2000s. From the ethnographic point of view, the focus on the theme national costume can be anchored between the clichés policy of identity, staging and identification. The contribution will use diverse examples, especially those connected with the Alpine region, to explain which meanings are included in the treatment of specific cuts, traditions and typical patterns, and to which extent the coping with ethno-culturally encoded objects has something to do with the search after a time, spatial or social order.
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