Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Wodór a podziemne magazynowanie energii w strukturach solnych

100%

Kaliski M. , Sikora A.

Przegląd Solny

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2013

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tom T. 9

26--32

EN

The most abundant and common element in the Universe is hydrogen. Hydrogen is a prevailing chemical element throughout the Earth. It is present in molecule form in the atmosphere, in minimum quantities – traces, close to the Earth surface. Dominant component of the high layers of the atmosphere where is rare, diluted. 40% of the current world production comes from the process in which the hydrogen is a by-product of electrolysis, heavy chemistry (synthesis gas) or the refining of crude oil. Hydrogen is the cleanest source–carrier of energy. Major hydrogen markets are ammonia fertilizer production and conversion of heavy oil and coal into liquid fuels. There are few production methods but primary we can focus on stea • CH₄ + H₂O -> CO +3 H₂ • CO + H₂O-> CO₂ +H₂ Fossil fuels are burnt to provide the heat to drive the chemical process (let’s consider the role of the nuclear energy as well). Energy required to make hydrogen is dependent upon the feedstock. Natural gas – reduction of hydrogen in chemical way (the lowest energy input to make hydrogen); coal – hydrogen deficit; water (H₂O – oxidized hydrogen) There are many underground gas storages systems among the European Union countries. Especially salt caverns dedicated for hydrocarbon’s storage are widely described in the literature (e. g. Kaliski et al., 2010; Kunstman et al., 2009). There is still, unfortunately, no experience with hydrogen storage in Poland. And the EU hydrocarbons salt caverns have only the UK, France (including hydrogen storage), Germany, Denmark, Portugal and Poland (Gillhaus, 2008). Dedicated programme for hydrogen storage was implemented in the EU in 2002 called “Towards a European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap Preface to HyWays – the European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap Integrated Project” (more information can be found on www.HyNet.info). There is a new research programme in the field of transmission and storage of the hydrogen for energy purposes currently held in Germany. The total length of the hydrogen gas in Europe is about 1500 km. But still, there is no experience with hydrogen storage as an energy source for energy sector. The best carrier of energy. A key issue facing researchers is the use of technology of hydrogen for storage of energy and construction of salt caverns which will meet safety requirements regarding tightness and stability. One should consider that: • construction of the caverns is determined by the ability of the use of the brine; • caverns (geological structures) must comply with the integrity and stability; • such energy warehouses should be located close to the potential end user of hydrogen and electricity network (infrastructure is a key). The next several years perspective shows that, the emergence of underground cavern storage of any surplus energy in the form of hydrogen would have the following environmental benefits: a) storage of surplus of such energy and its subsequent recovery in an environmentally cleaner process - without the additional emission’s issues, b) ecological safety of underground storage of energy, similar to the existing underground gas storage facilities, oil and fuel, c) underground storage efficiency and eco-friendly much higher when compared to systems hydroelectric pumped storage, d) better technically and economically feasible - to use periodic overcapacity power plants and the related real decrease in CO2 emissions, e) easier integration in the energy system of large wind and solar energy farms, reducing potential problems with a large share of RES in the energy balance of the country, f) limitation of conventional combustion of fossil fuel, g) hydrogen is the cleanest source of energy, h) enable the development of fuel cell (hydrogen) in the automotive industry, the decrease of emissions, i) to dispose of CO2 by the use of hydrogen and CO2 to eventually methane production in upstream projects. Let’s imagine for a moment a project that combines: • hydrogen production by electrolysis using excess wind power and solar energy to produce it; • optimize the demand for hydrogen in chemical processes also by its storage in salt caverns; • hydrogen storage processes resulting in refinery and petrochemical plants and possibly by electrolysis of surplus energy generated in non-conventional and renewable power. The future of interim storage of surplus energy may lie in underground caverns leached (leached) in salt deposits, which can be stored as compressed air (Compressed Air Energy System) or hydrogen. We are aware and we are positive that the subject is not easy, but we also believe that this fuel of the future - hydrogen – is going to turn of the centuries: XXI and XXII. That is why today we need to outline our descendants. New generations of these lines of energy development that will allow Humanity to become a Galactic Energy Society.

2

Gaz ziemny jako zabezpieczenie wierzytelności we włoskim systemie podziemnych magazynów gazu

84%

Brocka Z.

Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego

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2019

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nr 5

26-34

EN

The article presents Italian regulations on the use of natural gas deposited in underground gas storages (UGS) as financial security of monetary claims. This issue arouses a keen interest in the Italian legal doctrine because it requires to adapt the traditional concept of pledge, which has its roots in Roman law, to the specifics of functioning of modern gas markets. The theoretical analysis also has important practical significance for energy sector operators active in the Italian UGS market, which is the second largest market of storage capacity in the European Union (EU), as this form of securing debt may have a significant impact on their financial situation by reducing the cost of access to credit.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia włoskie przepisy dotyczące wykorzystania gazu ziemnego złożonego w podziemnych magazynach gazu (PMG) do zabezpieczenia majątkowego wierzytelności pieniężnych. Zagadnienie to wzbudza żywe zainteresowanie włoskiej doktryny prawnej, ponieważ wymaga dostosowania tradycyjnego pojęcia zastawu, które ma swoje korzenie w prawie rzymskim, do specyfiki funkcjonowania nowoczesnych rynków gazu. Analiza teoretyczna ma ponadto istotne znaczenie praktyczne dla operatorów sektora energetycznego działających na włoskim rynku PMG, który stanowi drugi rynek pojemności magazynowych w Unii Europejskiej, gdyż taka forma zabezpieczenia wierzytelności może mieć istotny wpływ na ich sytuację finansową przez zmniejszenie kosztów dostępu do kredytu.

3

Zaczyny cementowe do uszczelniania kolumn rur okładzinowych w podziemnych magazynach gazu

84%

Rzepka M.

Nafta-Gaz

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2011

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tom R. 67, nr 10

714-718

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań zaczynów cementowych opracowanych w Instytucie Nafty i Gazu. Zaprezentowano w nim również aparaturę służącą do badania kamieni cementowych: formy do badania przyczepności kamienia do soli i stalowej rury oraz przyrząd do badania przepuszczalności dla gazu. Badania laboratoryjne wykonano w Zakładzie Technologii Wiercenia zgodnie z normami: PN-EN 10426-2 Przemysł naftowy i gazowniczy - Cementy i materiały do cementowania otworów oraz API SPEC 10 Specification for materials and testing for well cements. Receptury opracowanych zaczynów mogą być zastosowane podczas cementowania kolumn rur okładzinowych w otworach wierconych dla potrzeb podziemnych magazynów gazu - cementowano nimi otwory Mogilno Z15, Z16 i Z17 oraz Kosakowo K1-K5. Powstały po związaniu zaczynów kamień cementowy charakteryzuje się wysoką wytrzymałością na ściskanie oraz małą przepuszczalnością dla gazu; posiada również dużą odporność na cykliczne zmiany temperatury i obciążenia mechaniczne w czasie wieloletniej eksploatacji podziemnych magazynów gazu.

EN

The article presents cement slurry test results elaborated at the Oil and Gas Institute. It also presented the apparatus for the study of cement stone: forms for testing adhesion to the salt stone and steel pipe and a device for testing the gas permeability. Laboratory tests were performed at the Department of Drilling Technology according to the standards: EN 10426-2 Petroleum and natural gas industry - Cements and materials for the cementation of wells and API SPEC 10 Specification for materials and testing for well cements. The cement slurry formula can be used for sealing pipe lining in underground gas storages - these were cemented wells Mogilno Z-15, Z-16, Z-17 and Kosakowo K1-K5. Cement stone has high compressive strength, low gas permeability and it's resistant to cyclic temperature changes and mechanical stress during long-term exploitation of underground gas storages.

4

Kierunki dostaw gazu do Europy - stan aktualny i tendencje przyszłościowe

67%

Rychlicki S. , Siemek J.

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tom T. 10, spec. 2

113-130

PL

W związku z przyspieszonym rozwojem gospodarki światowej szybko wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na energię, ale równocześnie trwa walka ze wzrostem emisji gazów cieplarnianych. To sprzyja wzrostowi zapotrzebowania na gaz ziemny jako z jednej strony ekologiczne paliwo, a z drugie jako doskonały surowiec do produkcji energii elektrycznej. Problemem pozostaje wyzwanie jakim jest ekonomicznie uzasadnione dostarczenie gazu ziemnego przy wydłużających się gazociągach. Wpływa to na zmiany charakteru dostaw ze wzrastającą rola płynnego gazu/LNG/ oraz procesu GTL ułatwiającego przeróbkę gazu ziemnego w celu pozyskania produktów ropopochodnych. W artykule przedstawiono aktualne i przyszłe tendencje w zakresie kierunków dostaw gazu ziemnego do Europy. Autorzy przedstawiają prognozy dotyczące zużycia gazu w poszczególnych regionach Europy a także potencjalne zdolności eksportowe do tych regionów z Rosji, Norwegii i Afryki Północnej. Uwzględniono przy tym dostarczanie gazu ziemnego rurociągami oraz w postaci LNG. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na rolę PMG w zabezpieczeniu dostaw gazu ziemnego.

EN

In a world that needs more energy and lower emissions, natural gas has a vital role to play. It's abundant and clean - burning, can be produced and transported safely, and is increasingly important in generation electricity. As world gas demand grows, the challenge is to deliver it economically, across increasingly vast distances. Changing markets are encouraging the growth of liquefied natural gas/LNG/ and gas - to - liquid/GTL/ developments. In the paper are presented actual and future trends in gas supply to Europe. The authors show the prognosis of gas consumption in regions of Europe and potential export possibility to these regions from Russia, Norway and North Africa. They take into consideration gas transport by pipelines and also LNG supply. Else it they show role of underground gas storages in security of gas supply.