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1

WSTĘP DO GENEZY WCZESNOPIASTOWSKICH GRUP DYSPOZYCYJNYCH REALIZUJĄCYCH ZADANIA W ZAKRESIE OCHRONY OSÓB. SZKIC ZAGADNIENIA

100%

Pajorski P.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2012

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tom 11(11)

32-38

EN

This paper presents the development of disposable groups in Poland under the first Piast. Because of social position some individuals were exposed to attacks from their opponents inside the tribe as well as members of other tribes. This resulted in the establishment of a group of “officers” to serve as bodyguards. As time passeds, slow specialization began and disposable groups are created.

2

„Rasa czyli plemię”. Problemy z nomenklaturą u początku polskiej antropologii

100%

Nowak J.

Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej

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2021

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tom 56

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano początki kształtowania się polskiej terminologii związanej z nauką o człowieku, jego pochodzeniu i zróżnicowaniu, w okresie, kiedy antropologia dopiero zaczynała wyodrębniać się z historii naturalnej, a jej przedstawiciele próbowali doprecyzować zakres badanego przedmiotu. Procesowi uporządkowania świata organicznego w ramach powstałych systemów klasyfikacyjnych, w tym podziałów rodzaju ludzkiego ze względu na cechy fizyczne i kulturowe, towarzyszyło ujednolicenie nazewnictwa naukowego, tworzenie „języka systematycznego”. Jego powstawanie dokonywało się powoli, często chaotycznie za sprawą samych badaczy, którym nie przeszkadzała nomenklaturowa niekonsekwencja. Jeszcze większa dezinformacja panowała w pracach popularyzujących wiedzę i publicystyce. Za kategorię nadrzędną, która posłużyła do ukazania złożoności formowania się terminów związanych z podziałami ludzkości, przyjęto pojęcie rasy. Termin ten, używany w literaturze zachodniej do opisów odrębnych typów fizycznych człowieka od drugiej połowy XVIII wieku w piśmiennictwie polskim był słabo upowszechniony i konsekwentnie zastępowany innymi określeniami. Bogactwo znaczeń, różnorodność i dowolność ich stosowania zrodziły potrzebę uporządkowania tego pojęciowego zamieszania i wyjaśnienia najbardziej typowych kategorii, które służyły polskim autorom formacji oświeceniowej i romantycznej do opisów zróżnicowania świata ludzkiego.

EN

This article presents the early stage of shaping Polish terminology connected with the human science, the origins of man and differentiation of humankind in the period when anthropology only began to separate from natural history, and its representatives attempted to make the scope of their research clear and distinct. This process of organising the organic world within the classification systems created for this purpose, including divisions of the mankind on the basis of physical and cultural features of people, was accompanied by an effort to unify scholarly nomenclature and establish a “systematic language”. This was a slow and often chaotic phase because scholars did not object to inconsistent nomenclature at all. In works popularising knowledge and in journalism even more disinformation appeared. The notion of race was accepted as a superior category that was to show a complexity of terms reflecting the divisions of the human kind. This term, from the second half of the eighteenth century used in Western literature to denote individual physical types of man, in the Polish writings was little known and as a rule other notions were in common use instead. Plenty of meanings, diverse and arbitrary application of notions made it necessary to organise this chaos and explain the most typical categories that the Polish authors of the Enlightenment and Romantic periods started to apply in order to describe the diversity of the human world.

3

De-constructing the term “tribe/tribal” in India: a post-colonial reading

100%

Digal P.

International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies

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2016

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tom 3(2)

85-92

EN

The British colonial administrator-ethnographers in India were pioneers who surveyed and carried out expeditions on tribes but often their methods were doubtful. Their survey reports and papers became the source of precious information about such province and at the same time a tool for their continuous development of colonial administration. However by using official machinery and tour for collecting data they bypassed the ethical consideration of research. Their writings in many ways ended up contorting tribes as being synonymous with being backward, uncivilized and barbarous. This study critically analyzes the notion of tribes in India as perceived and studied by anthropologists. It also interrogates the Ontology and Epistemic premises of their Knowledge Production on tribes in India. The paper concludes by discussing the various issues on tribal discourse in India.

4

Tribe development through empowerment and technology

86%

Binoj S. S. , Sujatha J. S. , David I.

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2018

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tom nr 4

27--34

EN

The tribal communities are deep-rooted in the forests of southern India who are dependent on forest for their livelihood and striving for alternative sources of income to overcome vulnerability (Bijoy, and Ravi, 2003). Once the social evils in the tribal societies are removed, Mahatma Gandhi believed in the gradual empowerment of this honest and sincere group and their assimilation in the national stream through the generation of able leadership (Bina, 2017). The literacy of tribes is improved, and the tribes embrace the adoption of technology, like access to Direct to Home (DTH) and mobile phones. Technology could be made possible because of Central Government mobile network coverage in the hamlet areas. Tribes are mostly self-educated by nature and their capability to overcome natural calamity is very high. In South India, satanic worship (black magic) is deficient in the tribal community and uses of ayurvedic herbs as well as modern medicines are becoming popular. Lifestyle is gradually being modernized among the new generation, but at the same time, the barter system is continuing in the community. This article presents the critical observations and findings to assess the strengths and focuses on empowering the community through adoption of technology.

5

Termin "rasa" i jego synonimy w polskiej refleksji naukowej i popularnonaukowej w latach 1864–1918

86%

Wrzesińska K.

Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej

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2021

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tom 56

PL

W polskiej literaturze naukowej dotyczącej terminologii stosowanej w różnych dziedzinach wiedzy nie poruszono dotąd zagadnień związanych ze znaczeniem i użyciem terminu rasa. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobu pojmowania tego terminu i zakresu jego stosowania w piśmiennictwie polskim. Najczęściej był on używany zamiennie z określeniami uważanymi za jego synonimy, takimi jak plemię, szczep, gałąź, lud i naród oraz przyswojonymi z nauk przyrodniczych: gatunek i odmiana. Wszystkie te terminy służyły rozróżnianiu grup ludzkich, ich opisowi i klasyfikacji. Nie udawało się zgłębić znaczenia pojęcia rasa. Także nauka zachodnia, którą śledzono i popularyzowano, nie przynosiła jasnych definicji. Większość z piszących stosowała synonimicznie wspomniane terminy i rozumiała pod nimi zupełnie inne treści: biologiczne, kulturowe i duchowe, społeczne. Określenia rasowy natomiast używano zamiennie z takimi wyrazami jak etniczny, etnograficzny, etnologiczny. Choć w drugiej połowie XIX wieku polscy uczeni (Ludwik Gumplowicz, Erazm Majewski, Ludwik Krzywicki) podejmowali próby uporządkowania terminologii, pozostały one bez większego wpływu na język przekazu.

EN

In the Polish scholarly literature concerning terminology used in different fields of knowledge, issues of the meaning and usage of the term race have not been discussed. The article aims at demonstrating how the term race was used in the Polish writings. Typically, it was in use interchangeably with terms considered as its synonyms, such as plemię, szczep, gałąź, lud and naród, as well as the notions adapted from natural sciences such as species and variety. All these terms were applied in order to categorize human groups, describe and classify them. The meaning of the notion race was not fully analyzed. Moreover, despite the fact that the Western science and its development was followed and popularized in Poland, no clear definitions appeared there. The majority of Polish authors still used the terms mentioned above as synonyms and understood quite different contents from the point of view of biology, culture and spiritual and social contexts. The term racial was still used interchangeably with such terms as ethnic, ethnographic, ethnological. Even though in the second half of the nineteenth century some Polish scholars (e.g. Ludwik Gumplowicz, Erazm Majewski, and Ludwik Krzywicki) initiated attempts to clarify this terminology, their effort did not ultimately exert an influence on the language of the message.

6

A Child of the City: a Longitudinal Study of Stratification and Migration in a Rajasthan Village

86%

Jones J. H. M.

International Review of Social Research

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2016

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tom 6

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nr 3

107-117

EN

By reference to a multi-caste and tribal village in southern Rajasthan the paper examines the degree to which caste and tribal membership impacts on different aspects of migration, e.g. commencement, form, destination, duration, and types of work undertaken. Using a livelihoods approach, supplemented by other perspectives and concentrating on four migration streams (three domestic, one international), data collected over a period of nearly thirty-five years indicates that patterns of migration are far from random. It is argued that the use of official stratification categories in migration surveys can obscure important differences within caste groupings. Short-term circular migration, underestimated in national surveys, is shown to be substantial, especially for the tribal migrants in the village. While position in the social structure differentially affects aspects of migration across the village hierarchy, examples are given of individual migrant agency overcoming structural constraints.

7

Ludnosc i struktura etniczna w polnocnych rejonach Jemenu

72%

Romanski K. , Zakowski W.

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tom 79

45-59

8

„Plemię obywatelskie" a monarchia szaryfijska. Instytucjonalizacja i etatyzacja rozwoju we współczesnym Maroku

58%

Vorbrich R.

Forum Teologiczne

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2015

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tom 18 - Komunikowanie w Afryce. Endo- i egzogeniczne aspekty. Etniczność – kultura – religia

29-52

EN

This study is devoted to the transformation of traditional tribe from the Moroccan Atlas. Over the last century it has transformed from a structure based on the idea of nominal kinship into the unit that has become an inherent part of the local administration (as the commune rurale), and then into the political entity modeled on the principles of civil society (NGOs). This process of transformation is considered in the context of the Shafirian monarchy where the power of ruling dynasty is legitimated by its derivation from the Prophet Mohammed and the idea of „the rule of the righteous”. In this context, the role of the National Initiative for Human Development (l’Initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain, INDH), established in 2003 by Mohammed VI, is discussed. INDH aims to improve the quality of life in areas of underdevelopment and its establishment can be seen as a contemporary manifestation of „the rule of the righteous”. Mohammed’s VI initiative has also provided the impetus for a real „explosion” of local associations for development. In rural areas they became an emanation of modern post-tribal structures which refer to the discourse of civil society.

9

Ethnic diversity and its impact on group identification in Darfur

58%

Karamalla-Gaiballa N. , Rubinkowska-Anioł H.

Studies in African Languages and Cultures

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2023

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nr 57

9-33

EN

This study addresses historical and cultural problems of man’s identity and ethnic origin in the Darfur region, famous for its cultural role throughout history. This subject deserves particular academic attention in order to understand the structure and identity of the Darfurian cultural features, their dimensions and characteristics viewed from different perspectives. The article explores the rich and complex centuries-old history of the Darfur region, including the rise and fall of various kingdoms and political entities, as well as the impact of external influences such as Arab immigration and the spread of Islam, besides studying the habitats of different ethnic groups, their culture, language, traditions, and the relationships between them. It shows that the cultural differences and identity based on being a member of a certain tribe are the key factors in shaping history and the complicated situation of Darfur today.

10

A review of the tribe Aspidomorphini of the Australian Region and Papuan Subregion [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae]

58%

Borowiec L.

Genus. International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy

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1992

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tom 03

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nr 3

11

On the History of the Population and Territorial Issues of the Gazakh Region of Azerbaijan

51%

Mustafayev J. M.

Studia Orientalne

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2023

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nr 2(26)

72-82

RU

Газахский регион, расположенный на северо-западе Азербайджана в бассейне рек Агстафа и Кура, был заселен с первых веков нашей эры казахским племенем, входившим в гуннское племенное объединение. Более крупный приток в регион казахского племени, давшего свое название Северо-Западному региону Азербайджана, произошел в XI–XII веках по приглашению грузинских царей, стремившихся освободиться от сельджукской зависимости. В этот период казахское племя, входившее в состав большого Кыпчакского племенного союза, жило в части кубанских степей. Эта территория называлась “Казахия” по имени казахского племени. Из десятков тысяч казахов, прибывших на Южный Кавказ по приглашению грузинских царей, часть поселилась в Грузии и приняла христианство, а другая часть стала жить в нынешних Газахском и Борчалинском регионах. Казахи, поселившиеся на последних территориях, еще со времен раннего средневековья сохраняли свою национальную самобытность, смешиваясь со своими соотечественниками, проживавшими здесь. Газахский регион, с XVI века находившийся в составе государства Сефевидов в статусе уезда, во второй половине XVIII века попал под влияние Картли-Кахетинского царства. В этот период значительная часть казахского племени, не желавшего жить под властью грузинских царей, переселилась в Гянджинское, Карабахское, Иреванское ханства и восточные провинции Турции.

EN

The Gazakh region, located in the basin of Agstafa and Kura rivers in the northwest of Azerbaijan, was inhabited by the Gazakh tribe, which was part of the Hun tribal union from the first centuries of our era. The greater influx of the Gazakh tribe, which gave its name to the north-western region of Azerbaijan, took place in the XI–XII centuries at the invitation of the Georgian tsars who tried to free themselves from Seljuk dependence. During this period, the Gazakh tribe, which was part of the large Kipchak tribal union, lived in a part of the Kuban steppes. That area was called ‘Gazakhia’ after the name of the Gazakh tribe. Tens of thousands of Gazakhs who came to the South Caucasus at the invitation of the Georgian tsars settled in Georgia and converted to Christianity, while the other part began to live in the present-day Gazakh and Borchali regions. The Gazakhs living in the latter areas have preserved their national identity by mixing with their compatriots since the early Middle Ages. The Gazakh region, a part of the Safavid province with the status of a county, came under the influence of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom in the second half of the XVIII century. During this period, a large part of the Gazakh tribe, who did not want to live under the rule of the Georgian tsars, moved to Ganja, Karabakh, Iravan khanates and the eastern provinces of Turkey.