Adam Mickiewicz’s Pan Tadeusz (in English: Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray), the national epic poem, was first published in June 1834. It was perceived as a idyllic work, full of happiness and very ideal heroes. However, one of the most problem of this poem is treason! It is very important to put a question: what is treason in the strict sense of the word? There are a lot of kinds of treason or only one? Is it possible to betray own country on account of favouriting strange fashion, customs or painting? In Pan Tadeusz Mickiewicz intended to stand up for the Polish tradition. He had a high opinion of loyalty, steadiness and the selfless sense of duty.
There is a distinct division in judgements on W. Jaruzelski between people who regard him as a defender of socialism, and those who treat him as a traitor. In fact, Jaruzelski was nether of them. The analysis of his government policy indicates that he upholded the interests of the privilidged ruling group, that had developed into exploitative social class during the period of „real socialism” and perceived the further realisation of its interests only through systemic transformation towards capitalism. The Martial Law was not a form of securing socialism but a move to prepare conditions for overtly capitalist transformation.
Alfred Redl was born in 1864 in Lemberg, Galicia, the Austrian Empire (now Lviv, Ukraine). He rose quickly within the officer ranks of the Austro-Hungarian k. u. k. (Imperial and Royal) Army. Redl attended the War School in Vienna, with extraordinary success. Having acquired Russian language skills and Russian military issues, Redl joined the Intelligence Bureau of the Austro- Hungarian General Staff. Redl became apparently a spy for Russia and he got plenty of money for his seeming betrayal; in any case he lived a life of luxury. With the help of a secret service covered operation he was caught in a trap and committed suicide in 1913 – without an interrogation or inquiry. This essay points out some oddity of that case and tries to give new clues to the master narrative. The essay underlines the hypothesis that he was an agent with a “for eyes only” mission and he uncovered some secrets which were too close to highest representatives of Austrian Empire.
The article discusses the political (and potentially emancipatory) meaning of refusal. Against the dominating philosophical perspective, praising participation and sense of community, it argues that the acts of refusal may (or even must) play an important role in resistance against power. Some elements of a possible theory of refusal are to be found in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, especially in his famous essay on Herman Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener, but also in Dialogues (with C. Parnet) and Mille Plateaux (with Félix Guattari), where he coins the crucial concept of becoming-imperceptible.
Artykuł jest omówieniem doświadczeń emigracyjnych znanej pisarki, Zofii Kossak oraz rozumienia przez nią obowiązków spoczywających na twórcy w trudnych latach 1939–1956. Na podstawie wiadomości biograficznych, listów pisarki, jej wspomnień i opinii osób, które ją znały staram się zrekonstruować najważniejsze momenty jej emigracyjnego życia. Trudności życia na emigracji w przypadku Zofii Kossaak wynikały z obiektywnych realiów życia (tęsknota za krajem, trudne warunki życia, ciężka praca na farmie), jak i z jawnej wrogości środowisk emigracyjnych w Londynie i Paryżu. Pisarka nieustannie była posądzana o zdradę narodową. Konflikt dotyczył różnic światopoglądowych i ideologicznych oraz poglądów na temat roli pisarza na emigracji.
EN
This article is a discussion experience of emigration famed writer Zofia Kossak and it’s trying to understand her obligations on developers in the difficult years of 1939–1956. Based on biographical messages, letters, writer, her memories and opinions of people who knew her, I try to reconstruct the most important moments of her life in exile. The difficulty of living in exile in the case of Zofia Kossaak resulted from the objective realities of life (homesickness, difficult living conditions, hard work on the farm) and with overt hostility emigration circles in London and Paris. She was constantly accused of treason. The conflict concerned philosophical and ideological differences and views on the role of the writer in exile.
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