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EN
This review presents the molecular basis of mechanisms regulating oogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as the species specificity of these mechanisms and genetic determinants of successful fertilization in pigs. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis are species-specific processes, although several features are common to all mammals. These features are especially visible in the molecular basis of these processes. The most important genetic factors regulating normal oogenesis and folliculogenesis include the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and several other proteins from the TGFβ family. Several experiments have indicated the influence of this gene’s expression on the ability of oocytes to mature, be successfully fertilized, and form a zygote and a blastocyst. However, the regulation of this gene’s expression shows a considerable species specificity. Similarly, mechanisms regulating the fertilization process have several features common to all mammalian species, which is especially conspicuous in the structure of genes that are responsible for fertilization. Two important determinants of fertilization ability are oocyte morphology and follicular size.
EN
The endometrium of the uterus is a highly dynamic structure in terms of its changes during the various stages of the sexual cycle. These changes are the result of cyclical fluctuations in the concentrations of steroid hormones and local factors of an auto – and paracrine – nature. This condition indicates that the causes of degenerative processes of the uterus must be sought not only in disorders of the hormonal profile and bacterial infections but also disorders at the molecular level. Factors that may play a key role in the formation and development of various pathologies of the female reproductive system include growth factors and their receptors (growth factors – GFs). Discussing these growth factors in the work may provide useful molecular markers that identify pathological conditions of the endometrium. Subject to expression in the endometrium, they are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration and secretion of the glandular epithelium, they also regulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis, revealing strong pro-inflammatory effects. In this research, the authors present an overview of current scientific reports indicating that changes in the expression of studied factors, and thus disturbances in their effects, may constitute one of the causes of pathogenesis within the uterus in many animal species.
EN
The process of skeletal muscle development is regulated by many biologically active factors, which are responsible for stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells. Biologically active factors function in paracrine, autocrine and endocrine manner to control myogenesis. The main regulators include hormones, growth and differentiation factors, as well as cytokines. The process of skeletal muscle regeneration associated with the activation of satellite cells for their proliferation and differentiation requires the involvement of many growth factors secreted by the surrounding tissue, including inflammatory cells, blood vessels and damaged muscle fiber, as well as extracellular matrix. A number of trophic factors regulating the activity of satellite cells during muscle regeneration have been identified, e.g. fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factors-β, insulin-like growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6. These factors are responsible for maintaining a balance between the processes of proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells in order to restore the proper architecture and functioning of muscle tissue.
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