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1

Stosunki handlowe Unii Europejskiej i USA w warunkach współpracy transatlantyckiej

100%

Czermińska M.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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2014

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nr 2

15-33

EN

United States and the European Union are the two main centers of the world economy. Both of these centers are each important trading partners in the field of trade in goods and services, capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment. The European Union’s relations with the United States there is both collaboration and competition. Despite the emerging tensions or even conflicts in the relationship both partners are allies and have a decisive impact on the liberalization of world trade, the ongoing process of the GATT/WTO. As part of strengthening transatlantic cooperation created a number of institutions and mechanisms to facilitate and support economic cooperation and signed a number of additional agreements aﬀ ecting trade in mutual, for example, in terms of mutual recognition agreements, aimed at eliminating technical barriers to trade in goods. A negotiated agreement between the two largest economies on a free trade zone may constitute a turning point in transatlantic relations.

2

KOORDYNACJA SANKCJI STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH I UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ WOBEC ROSJI

100%

Matera P.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2016

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nr 2(14)

27-49 (23)

EN

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the necessity of close cooperation between the United States and the European Union in respect of the maintenance and introduction of new sanctions against Russia. The EU has got much closer and better developed economic relations with Russia than the US. So the Europeans possess the capability to make their sanctions more efficacious than those imposed by the US. On the other hand, the American restrictions and leadership provide crucial support for the European ac-tions, especially in the circumstances of divided opinions of EU member countries.

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Umowa o Partnerstwie Handlowo-Inwestycyjnym między Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Unią Europejską jako narzędzie międzynarodowej współpracy gospodarczej

100%

Czarny E. , Menkes J. , Śledziewska K.

International Business and Global Economy

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2014

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tom Volume 33

199–213

EN

In the paper we analyze the Trade and Investment Partnership between the United States and the European Union indicating its specific character. It comes with the parties’ particular characteristics (i.a. one party to a contract, the EU, is a collective entity).Weexamine both parties to the agreement and their position in the international trade in goods and services. The point of reference is global economy and BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). We also examine the EU and the USA trade relations. The examination covers the years 1995–2012.Weprove that the unification allows both the EU and the USA to take advantage of their significant role in the world trade to increase their impact on the global economic order. EU-US free trade and the agreement conclusion shall allow to intensify trade in services, and FDI flow shall allow to increase the advantage over BRIC countries (primarily China) and to make their economies independent from the instability of the emerging markets.

4

Działania na rzecz ochrony klimatu wyzwaniem współpracy transatlantyckiej w XXI w.

75%

Molo B.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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2014

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nr 2

163-180

EN

The article focuses on analysis of activities for climate protection within the transatlantic cooperation. In the first part of the study general determinants, interests and aims of the EU and the U.S. climate policies have been presented. The divergent interests and different European and American development priorities condition their mixed actions for climate protection, both at domestic level and within the frameworks of international climate negotiations. In the second part of the article difficulties in working out a common position of the EU and the U.S. on global activities for climate protection that consist on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have been discussed. The analysis encompasses the reasons and implications of the specific U.S. and EU’s stances within the process of negotiations of new global climate agreement with ambitious reduction aims that should be signed in 2015 and implemented after 2020 (post-Kyoto). In the last part of the study some aspects of U.S. and EU’s actions for climate protection within the frameworks of transatlantic cooperation have been presented. The EU aimed at convincing the U.S. about the necessity for reduction of global temperature by two Celsius degrees relative to the level from preindustrial period and at adoption multiyear obligations as to reduction greenhouse gas emissions. That is why these issues have been included into the program of transatlantic cooperation.

5

Współpraca transatlantycka Polski i USA na rzecz bezpieczeństwa energetycznego

75%

Piziak-Rapacz A.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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2014

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nr 2

125-141

EN

The article is about transatlantic cooperation between Poland and US for energy security. Energy sector is dependent on government strategy. Policy should crate protection for society and business. Global energy consumption is still growing. Developing industry especially needs natural resources to produce energy. The climate is changing and global warming is said to cause greenhouse effect resulting in droughts or floods. The major energy sources consumed in the United States are petroleum (oil), natural gas, coal, nuclear, and renewable energy. In the last years shale gas has been taken the most important place in the economy. US policy on energy security focuses on research and development. The main objective is to provide access to energy resources in the lowest price. Polish energy policy strategy on the diversification of routes and sources of energy. The political environment supported a few projects: shale gas sectors, nuclear energy and coal sector. At present, the amount of gas deposits in Poland is being estimated. This paper consists of three sections, an introduction and conclusions. The first chapter presents the energy sectors in Poland and US, and the prospects of its development. The second analyzes the nature of the areas of transatlantic cooperation Polish-American. While the third part shows the effects of transatlantic cooperation between the EU and the U.S., for Polish, as a member of the Community. This paper is complemented by tables, graphs, and bibliography.

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The trade aspects of the transatlantic cooperation between the EU, the USA and Canada

51%

Majchrowska E.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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2017

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nr 2

135-160

EN

The dynamics of changes occurring in the world economy, especially the world trade system has been undergoing profound transformations. One of them is an increasing tendency towards integration, resulting from setbacks within the World Trade Organization (WTO). In this context, the trade aspects of transatlantic relations between the EU and the US as well as Canada take on a new dimension. The European Union and the United States of America are each other’s key economic partners, but also the most developed and principal entities of the world economy. Over the years, they have had a major infl uence on the negotiations within the GATT/WTO system. Building the multilateral trading system in the context of an increased multipolarity of the global economy has many determinants. Without close integration of partners on both sides of the Atlantic and reinforcing their competitive position against other countries, maintaining the dominant role of the US-EU duo will prove to be extremely complicated. Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) currently under negotiation, could help these centres in regaining their key roles and strengthening their positions, which will not only boost the growth in the EU and the US, but also contribute to a greater impact on the multilateral trade system. The trade relations between the US and the EU constitute the foundation of the transatlantic partnership. We may not, however, discount another actor of these relations. Canada does not belong to the top trade partners of the EU, yet, all the efforts put in over the years have led to signing the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA), which is expected to be an advent of the whole new era in the mutual relations and greatly infl uence the current state of affairs. For the transatlantic cooperation CETA it is one of the key elements of the adopted agenda. It can also pave the way for the TTIP which will determine new frames of economic cooperation between the two largest world economies and become a fundamental turning point on both sides of the Atlantic.

PL

Dynamika zmian w gospodarce światowej, zwłaszcza system handlu światowego, podlega współcześnie głębokim przekształceniom. Jednym z kierunków są nasilające się tendencje integracyjne jako skutek m.in., niepowodzeń na forum WTO. Nowego charakteru nabiera w tym kontekście handlowy wymiar stosunków transatlantyckich UE z USA i Kanadą. Unia Europejska i Stany Zjednoczone jako główne podmioty gospodarki światowej są dla siebie kluczowymi partnerami handlowymi. Od lat wpływają na negocjacje w ramach systemu GATT/WTO. Budowa multilateralnego systemu handlowego w sytuacji narastającej wielobiegunowości gospodarki światowej ma wiele uwarunkowań. Bez integracji partnerów po obu stronach Atlantyku i umocnienia ich pozycji konkurencyjnej w stosunku do pozostałych państw, utrzymanie dominującej roli duetu USA – UE w gospodarce światowej będzie bardzo trudne. Umocnieniu ich pozycji może pomóc negocjowane porozumienie Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), które oprócz pobudzenia wzrostu w UE i USA ma przyczynić się do zwiększenia oddziaływania na wielostronny system handlowy. Stosunki gospodarcze USA i UE są podstawą partnerstwa transatlantyckiego. Kanada, mimo że zajmuje ostatnią pozycję wśród dziesięciu najważniejszych partnerów handlowych UE, z racji podpisania porozumienia Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA), została zaproszona do współpracy z ramach nowego etapu we wzajemnych stosunkach. Jest to pierwsze porozumienie nowej generacji, które UE zawarła z państwem uprzemysłowionym. Umowa CETA dla współpracy transatlantyckiej to jeden z kluczowych elementów przyjętego harmonogramu. Może ona utorować drogę negocjowanemu porozumieniu TTIP, które wyznaczy nowe ramy współpracy gospodarczej między dwoma największymi gospodarkami światowymi i będzie stanowić istotny przełom w stosunkach po obu stronach Atlantyku.

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Współpraca transatlantycka : geneza, współczesność, perspektywy

44%

Soroka P.

Wiedza Obronna

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2008

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tom nr 3

5--24