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Zapomniany światopogląd tragiczny

100%

Szkaradnik K.

tom 37

5-23

This paper aims to comprehensively describe the category of tragic, which is dislodged from the mind of present western world’s human. The authoress analyses that odium’s causes, but first of all, with regard to various thinkers, she tries to bring out the essence of tragic viewpoint, often represented in a simplified way as a synonym of pessimism and martyrdom. In the article problems of the tragic are considered in context of the tragedy as dramatic species, human relation to the fate, characteristics of the tragic hero, the issue of human finiteness, rationalism’s limitations, the matter of transcendence and self-transcendence. Lastly, it is demonstrated that despite the accentuation of individual experience and coping with fate, the tragic viewpoint has the community potential. In conclusion, the openness to “tragic knowledge” is shown as a chance to reinterpret contemporary culture as well as a chance of the integral experience.

Max Scheler—Bernhard Waldenfels. Two Phenomenological Conceptions of Suffering

84%

Czerniak S.

nr 4

53-73

This comparative study of Max Scheler’s and Bernhard Waldenfels’ conceptions shows how they differ in their philosophical assumptions. Whereas Scheler’s strove to define the essence of suffering, which he saw in the objective situation of being a victim (sacrificing the inferior for the superior good), Waldenfels emphasized the intentional aspect of suffering and its connections to activity (suffering was to be the necessary and passive “other side” of activity). In this context Waldenfels introduced the distinction between suffering as a) that what happens to us, and b) that what we subjectively feel as “brutally” imposed upon us, ignoring all eidetic questions related to suffering as well as the metaphysical threads which Scheler addressed. The author runs a detailed and critical analysis of Scheler’s position, to which he voices multiple objections, and concludes that it coincides conceptually with the axiological conception of tragedy he propounded in his work On the Tragic. In the section on Waldenfels the author reviews the polemical arguments against his views voiced by several contemporary German philosophers.