Does anyone need the rhetorical theory of literature? The new various directions of the literary research are continiously appearing. Together with them, new perspectives of the research of the literary texts are opening up. They allow to ask questions concerning the language generated by them, with the use of which they shape the literary discourse. Being aware of the consequences of the linguistic shift for the research on culture, today the rethorical viewpoint in the conduct of the theoretical discourse is adopted. At the same time, the attention is paid to the phrases, style, as well as the metaphors used in the current literary research. The entire reflection is accompanied by the comparative spirit, that is, a certain transdisciplinary openness, which calls for abandoning the internal literary field by the theoretical research, and entering the wide field of the culture research. This process is especially visible in the new theoretical-literary directions (cognitive humanities, constructivism, affective theory of literature etc.) and enables to assign to the comparative literature the role of a binder of the taken discourse on the border between theory and rethorics.
How do people read popular literature? Is it possible to connect reading popular literature with category of aesthetic experience (what kind?), or – eventually – what kind of theory could successfully describe this relation? All those questions create a context of the analysis of the book Poetyka doświadczenia (The Poetics of Experience) by Ryszard Nycz. Its author postulates that literature should be understood as a form of the enunciation of experience. He circumscribes here an experience as a specific kind of two-way interaction between readers and their cultural environment, society or nature. It seems that a wide definition, which includes – for example – testimonies of community memory and private, idiosyncratic expressions – describes popular literature, too. However, the author of the article, precisely focusing on the motifs in Nycz’s theory, which directly or indirectly relate to popular literature, doubts its ability to read popular culture. He argues that Nycz’s formula, in fact, is based on modernist conception of high literature with its sacralisation, which eliminates understanding aesthetic experience as a form of pleasure or ludic involvement.
The article contains a synthetic overview of the trilogy The Age of Theory, edited by Danuta Ulicka. It is the first comprehensive study of the achievements of Polish theoretical literary studies since its birth in the 1920s. The edition includes a multi-author monograph, organized according to “cultural themes” (as understood by Opler), to which the author of the article devotes most of her attention,and an extensive selection of texts preceded by factual introductions (two volumes of anthology) representative of the problem blocks discussed in the first part. Without questioning the content of the anthology, and especially the cognitive value of the monograph, which is based on innovative methodological assumptions and proves that modern literary theory was born in Central and Eastern Europe, and Polish works played an important role in its development, the author wishes it included the work of W. Borowy, the pioneer of intertextuality or J. Baudouin de Courtenay’s texts, which foresaw heteroglosia and minus-device.
This article focuses on the idea of theory of literature as non-dogmatic and anti-essentialist form of reflection on literature. On the one hand, Jean-Michele Rabat´e, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida and Martin Heidegger, referred to in sequence, are shown as thinkers breaking the clear division into literary text and, external thereto, theoretical text. On the other hand, the conclusion of the article, using examples of a few James Joyce’s texts, emphasizes the metaliterary element, which meets the proposals discussed in reference to the aforementioned figures.
The article discusses the term “conceit” as the key constructional element of English Renaissance poetry and its significance for the definition of the English metaphysical school. In the first part, the author attempts to define the term on the basis of the crucial theoretical works of the Elizabethan period (Gascoigne, Sidney, Webb, Puttenham, Hoskins) with a cursory reference to the work of B. Jonson in the early Stuart period. The “scandal” of the English metaphysical school is then discussed in relation to the domestic Elizabethan tradition and to some of the major theoretical works in continental Europe (Gracián and Tesauro). At the end, the author explains the significance of the term “conceit” for interpreting early modern poetry
Between the sense of work and students’ reading concretisation. The significance of theory of literature in school education of literature (the outline of problem) The article depicts a synthesis of views on the role and significance of theory of literature in school practice of reading from the interwar period to contemporary times. It consists of three parts. In the first one the authors discuss the view of S. Skwarczyńska who sees theory of literature as fundamental in developing the analytical and interpretative skills of high school students. A reflection of textual reality in reader’s consciousness depends on the sense of literary work and its concretisation (or individuality, which is independent from reader’s perception). This view (and other scholars’ beliefs) did not solve more difficult issues, such as how to combine the analysis of the work structure with the involvement of student’s emotions. In later stages of the development of didactics of literature, the rift between the methods of text interpretation and theory of cognition, the aim of which is an aesthetic experience, did not offer satisfying methodological solutions. In the second part of the article the authors discuss a variety of methods serving to “improve”/modify the structural concept (of B. Chrząstowska), retaining its most significant elements: systematisation and organisation of students’ literary experience. These activities were inspired by new trends in the development of humanities thought (hermeneutics, cultural theory of literature, anthropology, poetics of experience). They recognize the primacy of reading over poetics, and interpretation over theory of literature which is given an important, anthropo-cognitive role. One of such proposals, which was fully used in I like it!, the series of course books (of Z.A. Kłakówna and others) designed for all levels of school Polish language and literature education, was discussed in the third part of the article. The place of theory of literature in the system of science of literature was changed over many years; as a result, its role in school education decreased. Contemporary didactic discourse demonstrates the complexity of the problem but it does not solve it unambiguously. It does not offer a “readymade” knowledge on the universal order of analytical and interpretation practices, but it obligates Polish philology teachers to be creative and to search for best solutions for their students. As such, it requires a professional philological preparation during the time of studies.
The article presents the most important changes in the contemporary literary criticism and the ways in which they influence thinking of Polish education among foreigners. The author concentrates above all on teaching Polish literature and culture; he begins with reflection on the very essence and aim of teaching Polish literature to foreigners, then he discusses the main problems and doubts that an educator nowadays must face. He describes also different possible models of Polish literary and cultural education designed for foreigners.
This paper aims to remind readers of the achievements of one of the pioneers of the Polish theory of the fantastic in literature, Andrzej Zgorzelski (1934–2017). The paper first discusses the researcher’s methodological approach. He regards himself as an “essentialist” or “substantialist” and subsequently summarizes his most significant works devoted to fantastic literature and its theory. Then, it describes Zgorzelski’s theory of the fantastic and the model of the supra-genological types of fiction that are based on it.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przypomnienie osiągnięć jednego z pionierów polskiej teorii literackiej fantastyki Andrzeja Zgorzelskiego (1934–2017). Artykuł najpierw omawia pozycję metodologiczną badacza, który sam siebie określał jako „esencjonalistę” czy też „substancjonalistę”, następnie zaś pokrótce opisuje najistotniejsze pozycje jego dorobku, poświęcone fantastyce i jej teorii, by wreszcie skoncentrować się na wypracowanej przez Zgorzelskiego teorii fantastyki oraz stworzonym na jej podstawie modelu supragenologicznych typów literatury.
The possibility to adapt some theories of literature to the dogmatic theology in the area of trinitology does not mean the application of these strategies to the dogmatic formulas, but to the revealed Reality as such. Thus, it includes a transference of the interpretative mechanisms from the logical field to the ontological one. Such a transference implies a scrupulous analyse tending to prove its legitimacy. On the other hand, this application, justified among others by paradigmatism of ontological rules over logical ones, allows to reinterpret not only the content of dogma in its essence, but also to redefine or precise the trinitarian ontology in the context of the postmodern philosophy.
PL
Możliwość adaptacji niektórych teorii literatury w dogmatyce na obszarze trynitologii nie dotyczy zastosowania owych strategii względem sformułowań dogmatycznych, lecz względem samej rzeczywistości objawionej. Dochodzi tutaj zatem do przeniesienia mechanizmów interpretacyjnych z płaszczyzny logicznej na ontologiczną. Przeniesienie takie z jednej strony domaga się gruntownej analizy stwierdzającej jego zasadność. Z drugiej strony natomiast samo zastosowanie, uprawomocnione między innymi faktem paradygmatyczności zasad ontologicznych względem logicznych, pozwala nie tylko na dokonanie reinterpretacji samej treści dogmatu w jego istocie, lecz także na redefinicję lub doprecyzowanie ontologii trynitarnej w kontekście filozofii postmodernistycznej.
Theoreticians of Literature and Proper Names (Introductory Remarks) The article expands and modifies the contexts in which literary onomastics currently operates. This strictly interdisciplinary field of research, primarily originating from linguistics, has sought out the contexts that triggered non-obvious meanings of names readable in the artistic work from the outset. The references were varied – stylistics, textology, philosophy, structural poetics. All of them significantly enriched onomastic nalyses, leaving some fundamental sense of insufficiency at the same time. That is the reason why we propose the project of the connection between literary onomastics and - now extremely extensive - theoretical thought. The article is not the end of this discussion, but rather an exploratory study and the beginning of scientific research. Consequently, there is no one ordering and chronological concept with a clear conclusion, but the main aim is to show the analysis of the claims relevant for further research. Therefore, several concepts of theoreticians interested in proper names in literature were discussed (far from a common phenomenon in this case). From the research projects analyzed, including among others: U. Eco, J.F. Lyo tard, P. de Man, there emerges a clear conviction of the need to end the search for a referential, texted name. In this place it refers, on the one hand, to itself, establishing its own unreal meaning (image-forming, phonic, intertextual); on the other, it concerns the author’s system of naming (and beyond), which is also an epistemological concept. The starting point of these diagnoses was the thoroughly interpreted self-analysis of artistic works made by Marcel Proust; for further analysis, the thesis of Walter Benn Michaels was also employed, which brings interest in proper names from literature to the domain of artistic experiences. The conducted analysis (designing future literary onomastic research) leads to the final conclusion that the proper name indicates the essence itself, the arche of our existence.
The review of Edward Balcerzan’s work devoted to literatureness focuses on some significant issues within the modern theory of literature: the raison d’etre of certain theoretical categories, the possibility of redefining the structuralist paradigm, and contemporary values of model thinking.
PL
Recenzja pracy Edwarda Balcerzana poświęconej literackości dotyczy ważnych kwestii współczesnej teorii literatury: na ile pewne kategorie teoretyczne wciąż mają rację bytu, czy możliwa jest nowa odsłona paradygmatu strukturalistycznego, jakie są dziś wartości myślenia modelowego?
Autor w tekście przedstawia książkę-antologię poetycką pt. Poeci w sutannie pod redakcją ks. Stefana Radziszewskiego. W książce znajdują się poezje oraz komentarze do własnej poezji autorstwa następujących ośmiu polskich księżypoetów: 1) ks. prof. Janusz Artur Ihnatowicz, 2) ks. prof. Jerzy Szymik, 3) ks. Janusz A. Kobierski, 4) ks. Wacław Buryła, 5) ks. prof. Stanisław Kobielus, 6) ks. Grzegorz Stachura, 7) ks. prof. Jan Sochoń, 8) ks. dr Kazimierz Wójtowicz CR.
EN
The author presents the book – an anthology of poetry entitled Poeci w sutannie [Poets in the Cassock] edited by Fr. Stefan Radziszewski. In the book there are poems and comments on their own poetry by eight Polish priests-poets: 1) Fr. Prof. Janusz Artur Ihnatowicz, 2) Fr. Prof. Jerzy Szymik, 3) Fr. Janusz A. Kobierski, 4) Fr. Waclaw Buryla, 5) Fr. Prof. Stanislaw Kobielus, 6) Fr. Grzegorz Stachura, 7) Fr. Prof. Jan Sochon, 8) Fr. Dr Kazimierz Wojtowicz CR (a resurrectionist).
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