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Prezydenckie orędzia do izb parlamentu w rozwiązaniach konstytucyjnych i praktyce politycznej Francji

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JAKUBIAK Ł.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2020

nr 6(161)

69-98

The article is devoted to the presidential messages addressed to the chambers of parliament within the French political system. On the threshold of the Third Republic, the then regulations banned the President from speaking in parliament and this was also maintained under the constitutions of the Fourth and Fifth Republics. As a consequence, the presidential messages had to be read by the Presidents of the National Assembly and of the Senate. The constitutional changes introduced in 2008 created the opportunity to appear in person before the chambers of parliament assembled as Congress. This amendment has affected the practice of applying Article 18 of the 1958 Constitution, which currently regulates both forms of presidential messages. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the 2008 amendment on the French presidency, as well as to analyze the practice of formulating messages by successive presidents of the Fifth Republic, in order to identify the basic similarities and differences between them. The wider institutional context is no less important in this respect. One of its components is the significantly strengthened position of the French head of state, compared to the Third and Fourth Republics. The latter feature of the existing system of government seems to considerably affect the presidential messages formulated from the beginning of Charles de Gaulle’s presidency until now.

Институциональные основы деятельности политической оппозиции

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Цымбал Д. И.

Studia Politologiczne

2013

nr 28

45-64

This study covers the basics and specifics of the opposition in some democratic countries. The author, talking about the functioning of the political opposition in different countries, in particular draws analogies with the activities of the opposition in Ukraine, noting the similarities or differences in one or another aspect of the functioning of the political opposition.