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Hybrid Warfare or Hybrid Threat – The Weaponization of Migration as an Example of the Use of Lawfare – Case Study of Poland

100%

Łubiński P.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

2022

nr 1(51)

43-55

This article aims to address the issue of alleged hybrid warfare attacks on Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland. The scope of the article covers the Belarus operations conducted in 2021. Firstly, the author addresses the issue of pushing migrants from a descriptive perspective. Secondly, he debates whether Belarus operation was conducted within the scope of hybrid warfare, hybrid threat, and lawfare? The author concludes that the Republic of Belarus has operated lawfare falling within the hybrid threat spectrum. It means that the situation is not to be classified under the law of armed conflict from the perspective of international and non-international armed conflicts and ius ad bellum violation. Thirdly, the author claims that Belarus has violated international law, so certain legal redress is appropriate and justified. Belarus's actions may result in a court proceeding before the International Court of Justice and before other international institutions.

The Service of the Romanian Orthodox Church to Migrants

58%

Mititelu C.

Ecumeny and Law

2021

tom 9

nr 1

45-66

Dalle pagine di questo studio, il lettore avrà l’opportunità di apprendere che i migranti che si sono stabiliti in Romania dopo il 1998 sono stati curati dalla Chiesa ortodossa rumena; allo stesso tempo, la loro presenza tra i rumeni ha permesso alla Chiesa di sottolineare che era ed è ancora una „serva” dell’uomo, inclusi rifugiati, migranti, apolidi. Infatti, dal 1998 fino a oggi, la Chiesa ortodossa rumena compie grandi sforzi tramite i suoi membri (chierici, credenti, monachi) per monitorare e risolvere la crisi migratoria. Grazie a questo approccio, avviato e migliorato dall’attuale Primate, Sua Santità il Patriarca Daniele, sia nel Paese che nella diaspora, il problema delle migrazioni non solo poteva essere monitorato, ma anche risolto in conformità con i regolamenti ecclesiastici, nonché con il diritto statale e con il diritto dell’Unione Europea, ovvero con i regolamenti degli Stati membri dell’UE in cui la nostra Chiesa ha una parte della sua diaspora. Il lettore potrà notare che nelle sue attività di monitoraggio e di risoluzione del problema delle migrazioni, la nostra Chiesa ha tenuto conto sia degli orientamenti emanati dagli organi del Consiglio ecumenico delle Chiese, che dei principi guida formulati dai responsabili delle due Chiese. : cattolica e ortodossa, e cioè da Sua Santità Papa Francesco e da Sua Santità il Patriarca Ecumenico Bartolomeo I. Si tratta delle loro Dichiarazioni congiunte sulle migrazioni, che testimoniano della natura ecumenica del loro approccio alla suddetta questione.

Au fil des pages de cette étude, le lecteur aura l’occasion d’apprendre que les migrants qui se sont installés en Roumanie après 1998 ont fait l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part de l’Église orthodoxe roumaine ; en même temps, leur présence parmi les Roumains a permis à l’Église de souligner qu’elle était et est toujours une « servante » de l’homme, y compris les réfugiés, les migrants, les apatrides. En effet, l’Église orthodoxe roumaine, par ses ecclésiastiques, croyants et moines, déploie des efforts considérables pour surveiller et résoudre la crise migratoire. Grâce à cette approche, initiée et améliorée par l’actuel Primat, Sa Sainteté le Patriarche Daniel, tant dans le pays que dans la diaspora, le problème de la migration a pu non seulement être suivi, mais aussi résolu conformément aux règlements de l’Église, conformément au droit de l’État et conformément à celui de l’Union européenne, c’est-à-dire les États membres de l’UE où notre Église a une partie de sa diaspora. Le lecteur pourra noter que dans ses activités de monitorage et de résolution du problème des migrations, notre Église a pris en compte à la fois les orientations émises par les organes du Conseil oecuménique des Églises et les principes directeurs formulés par les dirigeants des deux Églises : catholiques et orthodoxes, c’està- dire Sa Sainteté le Pape François et Sa Sainteté le Patriarche oecuménique Bartholomée Ier de Constantinople. Nous parlons de leurs Déclarations conjointes sur la migration, qui témoignent de la nature oecuménique de leur approche de la question examinée.

Through the concrete steps taken by its members (clergy, believers, and monks), from 1998 until now, the Romanian Orthodox Church has carried out extensive actions to monitor and solve the migration crisis. Thanks to this approach, initiated and improved by its current Primate, His Beatitude, Patriarch Daniel, both in the country and in the diaspora of our Church, the phenomenon of migration was not only be monitored, but also solved both in accordance with Church rules and with State laws, as well as those of the Law of the European Union, that is, of the EU Member States. From our article, the informed reader will be also able to see that, in its actions for monitoring and solving the migration problem, our Church has taken into account both the guidelines issued by the bodies of the Ecumenical Council of Churches and the guiding principles stated by the leaders of the two Churches, Catholic and Orthodox, namely, His Holiness, Pope Francis, and His Beatitude, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Bartholomew I, in their joint Declarations on the issue of migration, hence the ecumenical nature of the approach to the issue of migration.