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Miejsca wystawiania instrumentów notarialnych w przestrzeni Zamku Malborskiego w XIV i w pierwszej połowie XV wieku

100%

Jóźwiak S. , Trupinda J.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2012

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tom 77

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nr 2

7-34

EN

It was not until a short time ago that scientists noticed the research potential of notarial instruments for the examination of the topography of Malbork Castle in the Middle Ages. Documents of this type were characterized by a particularly exact definition of the place where they were drawn up. Up to now there have survived over 200 notarial instruments made out in Malbork castle between 1324 and 1454, at least 90 of which bear the name of the exact place where they were drawn up. In general, the detailed analysis of the sources leads to the conclusion that the “palace” of grand masters, situated in the southern part of the western wing of the densely laid out first internal settlement outside the castle walls was erected at the beginning of the 1330s (before March 1333). Its reconstruction, which gave it its present spatial form, might have finished at the beginning of the 1370s. In a few rooms of the “palace” notarial instruments were displayed most oft en. They were: the Winter Refectory in the central-southern part of the floor, “the council room” in the central-southern part of the ground floor and the chamber (“stubella”, “camera”, “commodum”) occupied by grand masters on the first floor in the north-east part of the “palace”. Quite oft en the place where notarial documents were drawn up was the Great Refectory in the western wing of the densely laid out first internal settlement outside the castle on the occasion of various chapter assemblies of the Teutonic Knights. The content of the document of 15 September 1337 proves that the room already existed at that time. In other rooms of Malbork Castle notarial instruments were drawn up sporadically. Such places included: “the old woodcarving workshop” in the first external settlement outside the castle, “upper chambers” of great commanders in the eastern part of the northern wing of the densely laid out first internal settlement outside the castle, “upper chambers” of treasurers in St. Ann’s Church in the eastern part of the fi rst internal settlement outside the castle, the coach house in the eastern part of the second settlement outside the castle. In the proper convent in the High Castle notarial instruments were drawn up very rarely. Th ere exist only two documented cases of notarial instruments drawn up in the main temple situated upstairs in the eastern part of the northern wing and in one of the arms of the internal cloister of the castle.

2

W odpowiedzi na artykuł polemiczny Sobiesława Szybkowskiego

70%

Sieradzan W.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2012

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tom 77

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nr 1

141-146

EN

The text constitutes an answer to the polemical article of Sobieslaw Szybkowski, included in vol. 76 of Zapiski Historyczne, 2011, book 2, pp. 95–108, titled Misja Benedyktyna Makraia w nowym ujęciu [The mission of Benedict de Makrai in a new perspective]. According to the author, Szybkowski chose a relatively selective way to criticize the work reviewed by him. He does not refer to: the new evaluation of the effectiveness of Benedict de Makrai’s mission presented there; the chronology of the journey through Poland, the Teutonic State, Masovia and Pomerania; and the reconstruction of the essence of conflicts which very often concerned judicial and border issues. The author refutes some of the accusation made by S. Szybkowski, which he considers not understandable and which prove that the analysis of the content used to prepare historical studies or registers was not sufficiently detailed. S. Szybkowski offered a different judgement of many issues connected with the mission of Benedict de Makrai in the years 1412–1413. The author, respecting the reviewer’s right to interpret the substance of the processes differently, maintains his critical standpoint in reference to the evaluation of the policy of the Teutonic Order in connection with Masovian duchies, the role of Eric of Pomerania in the trial, or the scope of the review of the procedure of the international amicable trial.

3

Marian Biskup und die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft : Wahrnehmung und Wirkung

70%

Hackmann J.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2012

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tom 77

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nr 4

61-73

EN

From the 1960s onwards Marian Biskup developed contacts to historians in both parts of Germany as well as in Austria based on his research on the Teutonic Order and the emergence of the Hohenzollern rule in Prussia. In particular contacts to West German historians became much closer within the framework of the Joint German-Polish Textbook Commission established in 1972. Interestingly, Marian Biskup did not only cooperate with those German historians providing a new access to the history of German-Polish relations as Klaus Zernack, but also to those as Udo Arnold, who were connected to the traditions of East German regional history as in the Historical Commission for East and West Prussia. All in all, however, despite Marian Biskup’s eminent role in organizational cooperation between Polish and German historians, the reception of his books in Germany remained inappropriately limited, not least due to the lack of Polish language skills among the majority of German historians.

4

Misja Benedykta Makraia w nowym ujęciu

60%

Szybkowski S.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2011

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tom 76

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nr 2

95-110

XX

In this article the author evaluates and completes the monograph of Wiesław Sieradzan concerning the mission of Benedict Makrai in the years 1412–1413, who acted in the international conciliatory trial between Poland – Lithuania and the Teutonic State, in which the mediator was Roman and Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxembourg. The monograph would be more comprehensive if it contained chapters devoted to international conciliatory trials and the Polish-Lithuanian and the Teutonic intellectual background during the conduct of Benedict. It seems that the problem concerning the social background of Makrai’s family can be defined. The careers of his closest family members indicate that the owners of Gacsalkéri, from whom Makrai came, belonged at most to the more affluent Hungarian gentry. The monograph of Sieradzan fails to include some episodes concerning the Polish and Teutonic diplomatic contacts soon after the war of 1409–1411 ( the convention in Murzynno/ Grabie). Moreover, some persons involved in Benedict’s mission could be better identified. Another issue which should have been presented in a clearer manner is the origin of claims of West-Pomeranian dukes to Eastern Pomerania (the Kamień treaty of 1264 and the Słupsk treaty of 1287).

5

Prepozyci krzyżackiej kapituły katedralnej w Chełmży w latach 1266–1457

60%

Krajniak R.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2010

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tom 75

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nr 3

7-37

EN

The article shows the results of the research on the careers of provosts of the cathedral chapter in Chełmża in the Teutonic period. For the period 1266–1457 we managed to identify 28 provosts, for whom biographical entries were made. Next, their careers underwent the prosopographic analysis. Provosts were heads of the chapter, which entitled them to manage the wealth of the corporation, which they represented outside. They were prelates of the highest rank in the Chełmża chapter. The analysis of their career let us draw a few conclusions. The territorial origin was defined for 16 clergymen, which means more than a half of them. Four of them came from the Culm diocese, more precisely from Toruń, 5 from Pomerelia, 3 from Silesia, 2 from the Reich, and 1 from the Pomesanian diocese and 1 from the Ermland (Warmia) diocese. As can be seen, the local recruitment prevails, being limited to the authority of the Teutonic Order. The social background was defined for 12 provosts. One came from ministeriales of the Reich, others were representatives of the bourgeoisie (5 of them came from patrician families of Toruń and Gdańsk). Five of them had university education. The place of university studies was not defined for one of them. Among the rest, two studied in Prague, one in Rostock, and one in Leipzig and Vienna. The Chełmża provosts, as clergymen having great authority inthe diocese, were taken into account during the attempts to establish a higher education institution in the Teutonic State in Prussia. They were to get the right to give academic titles. They did not use those rights, as a university in Prussia was never established. Another interesting aspect are contacts of provosts with the Holy See. The clergymen were appointed by the popes to become conservators of the rights of bishops, chapters, chapter provosts. They also investigated complaints, collected back tithes, introduced the clergy to benefices. They also turned to the Pope, the evidence of which are requests for plenary indulgence in articulo mortis.

6

Kaspar Schuwenpflug i jego rola w procesach polsko-krzyżackich w pierwszej połowie XV wieku

60%

Borawska T.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2014

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tom 79

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nr 2

7-28

EN

Caspar Schuwenpflug (died 1423) belonged to the most distinguished Teutonic lawyers along with the general prosecutor in Rome – Peter of Orneta (died 1419). In Schuwenpflug’s diplomatic activity one may distinguish three periods. The first one embraced the years 1411–1414 which he spent in Prussia; the second stage of his activity was connected with his participation in the Council of Constance (1414–1418); the last stage of his activity overlapped with his stay in Italy where he died. He made a carrier thanks to his skills, the support of the bishop of Warmia Henryk Sorbom, and the friendship with Peter of Orneta. In the summer of 1412 he was one of the Teutonic envoys in Buda; he also took part in the Polish-Teutonic talks in Kaunas in 1413 as well as in the trial in Buda in 1414. Nevertheless, he was the most successful in the Council of Constance where he defended the interests of the Teutonic Order. He also represented the Teutonic Order during the talks between Grand Master Michael Küchmeister and King Jagiello in Veliuona in 1418, and in the Polish-Teutonic negotiations in Gniewkowo in 1419. At the court of Pope Martin V he defended the inviolability of the Treaty of Toruń of 1411. At the beginning of 1420 he was appointed bishop of Osel and moved to Livonia. Dissapointed with the poverty of his Church he asked the Pope to allow him to go back to the Roman Curia where he made attempts to take over the bishopric in Warmia. In March 1421 he played a major role in the Polish-Teutonic negotiations (the Roman trial). He continued the uncompromising policy of the Teutonic Order and consistently executed the grand masters’ orders until his death.

7

Marian Biskup (1922–2012) als Bearbeiter und Herausgeber historischer Quellen

60%

Heckmann D.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2012

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tom 77

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nr 4

101-112

EN

In the times when societies are marked by certain voluntarism, it is vital to remember a man who may be perceived as opposing such a point of view. Thanks to Marian Biskup’s attitude to work, which resembled the work of Cistercians, this talented historian managed to prepare monumental source editions referring particularly to the Teutonic Order and the development of early modern social structures in Prussia, which led to creating the fundaments for the work of whole generations of historians. All his life, even in his old age, he was keen on learning and ready to cooperate with his colleagues irrespective of their nationality despite the complicated political situation. It must be emphasized especially in the case of the man who in his youth experienced the atrocities of WWII and the after-war period.

8

Kto był autorem "Epitome gestorum Prussie"?

60%

Zonenberg S.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2013

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tom 78

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nr 4

85-102

EN

The subject of the dissertation is the question of who was the author of the work referred to as Epitome gestorum Prussie. To identify the author the entry under the year 1313 is used; it is written in the first person and gives information about receiving the position of a canon in Sambia, but it fails to provide the name or the ‘surname’. The question of the identification of the author gave rise to a debate. Max Perlbach suggests that the work could have been written by a dean Bertram, while Christian Krollmann maintains that it was a schoolman Konrad. Marzena Pollakówna did not support either of the sides, whilst Udo Arnold stated the dispute was hard to solve. Gerard Labuda put forward a completely new idea: having noticed a similarity between Epitome and the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg, he suggested that Peter of Duisburg might have been the author of the former book. At the same time he admitted that his supposition might turn out to be difficult to prove. Jarosław Wenta compared fragments of the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg and Epitome, which revealed that Peter knew Epitome. Next, he provided evidence proving that Peter was the author of the work under discussion. The evidence included: the existence of a canon named Peter the “Elder” in the Sambian chapter; Peter of Duisburg’s citations of Epitome; the fact that the canon Peter the “Elder” held the position of a judicial vicar and that the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg reveals that its author was conversant with the Sachsenspiegel [lit. „Mirror of the Saxons”]. Finally, the researcher stated that he had succeeded in proving that the author of Epitome, Peter the “Elder” and Peter of Duisburg were all the same person. Thanks to Radosław Biskup, we know that Peter the “Elder” was a Sambian canon is 1301, while linguistic research carried out by the author of this article reveals that spelling used in Epitome diff ers from the one employed in the chronicle of Peter of Duisburg. Thus, it is certain that Peter the “Elder” and Peter of Duisburg are not the same person; nor were they authors of Epitome. The author of the article points out other canons such as Jacob of Toruń/Bludau, Bertold, Alexander as possible authors of Epitome.

9

Lekarze pochodzący spoza państwa zakonnego w Prusach w otoczeniu wielkich mistrzów krzyżackich w XIV i pierwszej połowie XV wieku

60%

Broda M.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2011

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tom 76

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nr 3

7-36

EN

European rulers from the late Middle Ages frequently used the service of medical doctors from outside the borders of their countries. So did the holders of the supreme offices in the Teutonic Order. The preserved source material confirms the presence of physicians from outside Prussia in Grand Masters’ closest circle in Malbork in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries. The first foreign doctor appearing in written records, magister Frugerius, is the first physician in the Teutonic State in Prussia whose existence was confirmed by the source material. He is also the first personal medical doctor of the Grand Master in Malbork appearing in the records. He came from the diocese of Parma in Italy. However, the overwhelming majority of foreign doctors from the closest circle of the Teutonic superiors came from the Holy Roman Empire, such as Konrad von Leithen, Johann von Rode, Johann Rogge, Jacob Schillingholtz, and probably Anton Müttel. One of the physicians recorded in the sources, Meyen, came from the Kingdom of Poland. He was of Jewish origin, so his identity in Prussia was different also in terms of ethnic origin and religion. Nevertheless, the preserved sources do not allow us to define the origin of all the physicians appearing in the records from that period. Johann Craft, physician to Paul von Rusdorf, might have come to the Teutonic State in Prussia from Wrocław, but it cannot be explicitly proved that it was his family town. At the beginning of the 15th century there were two doctors attempting to obtain the position of Konrad von Jungingen’s personal physician – a Johann Theodorus from India and an anonymous doctor the Teutonic prosecutor in Rome tried to bring to Malbork from the Council of Constance. It is hard to state where the latter came from. Bormienes, an Armenian physician, was another foreign doctor to Grand Teutonic Masters, but he seems to exist only in historiography as his presence in the Teutonic State in Prussia was not confirmed by the source material from the period.

10

Najstarsza organizacja parafialna na Żuławach Wielkich (do połowy XV w.)

51%

Długokęcki W.

Studia Elbląskie

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2019

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tom 20

9-29

EN

Żuławy Wielkie (the alluvial delta area of the Vistula River) in Middle Ages was not only most advanced in agriculture, self-government as well as the level of prosperity of its inhabitants, but it was also the territory with strong parish system. An average parish consisted of two villages. Only two exceptions are noticed, in Nowy Staw and Lichnowy, the latter being probably the oldest, established in the 13th Century and consisted of 6 – 7 villages. It is visible that inhabitants preferred the erection of single-village parishes or at least filial chapels. The right of patronage of all churches belonged to the Teutonic Order. The patron provided the parish with a benefice (usually 4 lans – 120 morgs of land). Moreover, the inhabitants had to pay a special contribution in corn (called meszne), while their representatives (vitrici) interfered with parish finances. Parochial schools were established, supported by the inhabitants and designed both to provide most talented children with basic education and to secure liturgical servants for the church. Some parish priests from the area of Żuławy Wielkie, particularly persons with university education, served at the courts of Pogesanian bishops and the Teutonic Order.

PL

Żuławy Wielkie były nie tylko regionem przodującym pod względem rozwoju rolnictwa, samorządności i zamożności mieszkańców, ale także organizacji parafialnej. Przeciętna parafia obejmowała dwie wsie. Jedynie nowostawska i lichnowska, najpewniej najstarsza, bo erygowana jeszcze w XIII w., liczyła 6 – 7 wsi. Daje się zauważyć dążenie mieszkańców do tworzenia parafii jednowioskowych lub przynajmniej budowy kaplic filialnych. Patronem wszystkich kościołów był zakon krzyżacki, który we wsiach wydzielał beneficjum – z reguły 4 łany ziemi. Mieszkańcy na utrzymanie parafii płacili tzw. meszne (świadczenie w zbożu), a przez witryków wpływali na jej finanse. Przy kościołach czynne były utrzymywane przez parafian szkoły, zapewniające najzdolniejszym dzieciom wiejskim elementarne wykształcenie i służbę liturgiczną w świątyniach. Niektórzy plebani wielkożuławscy, posiadający wykształcenie uniwersyteckie, pozostawali w służbie Zakonu krzyżackiego i biskupów pomezańskich.

11

Dyplomaci Władysława Jagiełły w Stolicy Apostolskiej

51%

Dudka M.

Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

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2017

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tom 128

5-39

PL

W czasie panowania Władysława Jagiełły monarchia polsko-litewska stała się ważnym podmiotem polityki europejskiej. Władca prowadził intensywną politykę zagraniczną, a polskie poselstwa docierały na najważniejsze dwory średniowiecznej Europy. Istotną rolę w tym czasie odgrywały stosunki monarchii jagiellońskiej ze Stolicą Apostolską, z uwagi na to, że panowanie pierwszego Jagiellona zbiegło się w czasie z wydarzeniami kluczowymi dla całego Kościoła Powszechnego. To właśnie w kurii papieskiej, najważniejszym dworze średniowiecznej Europy, znajdowały rozwiązanie wszystkie kwestie, które zdominowały politykę zagraniczną państwa tego okresu, a więc sprawy krzyżackie, husyckie, czy luksemburskie. Częstotliwość kontaktów, a także ranga załatwianych w Rzymie spraw, skłania do zastanowienia się nad osobami królewskich dyplomatów. Wśród nich znalazły się osoby należące do kościelnej i prawniczej elity ówczesnego państwa polskiego, takie jak Mikołaj Trąba, Piotr Wysz, Paweł Włodkowic, czy Mikołaj Lasocki. Ich działalność obejmowała przede wszystkim zabiegi mające na celu zatwierdzenie przez papieża chrystianizacji Litwy, zmagania z dyplomacją Zakonu Krzyżackiego, utrzymującego w Rzymie stałego prokuratora oraz uzyskiwanie prowizji na wyższe godności w Kościele polskim. W artykule zostały omówione działalność posłów, ich pochodzenie, wykształcenie, kariera i sprawowane funkcje publiczne. Artykuł podejmuje także próbę charakterystyki środowiska królewskich dyplomatów oraz dróg ich rekrutacji do służby dyplomatycznej.

EN

During the rule of Ladislaus Jagiello, the Polish-Lithuanian monarchy became an important subject of European politics. The king conducted an intensive foreign policy and Polish legations were present at the most important courts of Medieval Europe. Because the reign of the first Jagiellonian coincided in time with key events for the Catholic Church, the relationships of the Jagiellonian monarchy with the Holy See played an important role at that time. It was in the Roman Curia, the most important court of Medieval Europe, that all problems dominating in foreign policy of that time found their solution: problems with the Teutonic Knights, Hussites or Luxembourg. Frequency of contacts as well as the rank of problems solved in Rome puts a focus on the royal diplomats. Among them one can find members of the contemporary church and judicial elite of Poland, such as Mikołaj Trąba, Piotr Wysz, Paweł Włodkowic, or Mikołaj Lasocki. Their activity comprised mostly endeavours to obtain papal confirmation of the Christianisation of Lithuania, struggles with the diplomacy of the Teutonic Order, which had a special attorney in Rome, as well as obtaining provisions for higher ranks in the Polish Church. The article presents the activity of the legates, their descent, education, career and public functions. It also attemps to characterise the background of the royal legates and the means of their recruitment for the diplomatic service.

12

Zamek prokuratorski w Unisławiu. Układ przestrzenny i technika budowy w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych

51%

Wasik B.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2018

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nr 1

49-64

PL

Zamek w Unisławiu na ziemi chełmińskiej był do niedawna jedną z najsłabiej rozpoznanych warowni krzyżackich. Nie była znana jego forma, a źródła historyczne dostarczały jedynie przesłanek do jego chronologii. Przeprowadzone w 2017 r. badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne skupione były na terenie zamku wysokiego, ale towarzyszące im obserwacje pozwoliły także na określenie układu budowli: na trójczłonową warownię składały się zamek wysoki i dwa przedzamcza. Badania wykazały, że zamek murowany wzniesiono na miejscu komturskiej warowni drewniano-ziemnej, a inwestycję tę łączyć należy z rezydującymi od 2. ćw. XIV w. w Unisławiu prokuratorami. Głównym elementem zamku wysokiego był masywny dom wieżowy, osłonięty od strony przedzamcza murem obronnym. Na przełomie XIV i XV w. zamek został rozbudowany – dodano nowe budynki, w tym bramny. Badania dostarczyły także podstaw do rekonstrukcji szczegółów techniki budowy zamku. Kres funkcjonowania warowni przyniosła wojna trzynastoletnia (1454-1466).

EN

The castle in Unisław on Chełmno Land has until recently been one of the least-known Teutonic strongholds. Its form was unascertained, and historical sources provided only some premises for its chronology. The archaeological and architectural research carried out in 2017 focused on the area of the high castle, but the accompanying observations also enabled to determine the layout of the structure: the three-part stronghold consisted of a high castle and two wards. The research has shown that the brick castle was erected on the site of the wooden and earthen commandery stronghold, and this investment should be connected with the prosecutors residing in Unisław from the 2nd quarter of the 14th century. The main part of the high castle was a massive tower house, shielded from the side of the ward with a defensive wall. At the turn of the 15th century, the castle was extended – new buildings were added, including gates. The research also provided the basis for the reconstruction of the details of castle construction techniques. The stronghold was captured and destroyed during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466).

13

Wkład i możliwości archeologii w badaniach dziejów zakonu krzyżackiego. Najnowsze osiągnięcia badawcze

51%

Poliński D.

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nr 3(42)

46-76

EN

The article presents the latest archaeological research related to the Teutonic Order. The main objects of the studies are castles and the obtained materials are the basis for cultural studies. An interest has been developed in everyday life, including the funeral rite. Within the last several years, there has been a significant increase of e interest on the part of Polish archaeologists in the Teutonic Knights. This has involved frequent examination of castles both well preserved and in poor condition, or virtually invisible. The researches have studied buildings of different ranks; the range of the performed works varied. The resource materials from the field works have often served as the starting point for studies of the material culture of the Teutonic Order. The scholars focused on various every-day-life issues like the use of ceramic dishes and the preferred diet. The continuation of the research on the field where the Battle of Grunwald took place provides new materials for further studies, and the discovery of burial sites of the alleged Grand Masters in Kwidzyn gave an impulse for investigation on the funeral rite in the Order.

14

Dienerzy w służbie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w drugiej połowie XIV – pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Liczebność, utrzymanie, zakwaterowanie

51%

Jóźwiak S.

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2018

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tom 83

|

nr 1

7-37

EN

In the late medieval Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia dieners were people who came from knightly families (not infrequently from beyond the territory of Prussia) and were maintained by Teutonic dignitaries and officials (they were provided with accommodation, food, clothes and pay) in exchange for the diplomatic, military-knightly and courtly service (the participation in military actions, the manning of castles, transporting information, the defence of envoys and guests, the examination of the territory occupied by the enemy, the participation in corteges, etc.). In the first half of the 15th century (the available data refers only to this period of time), every high Teutonic official, commander and Vogt had even a few dozens of dieners at their disposal, except extraordinary situations such as the manning of frontier castles in Klaipėda and Dybów. In the whole territory of the Teutonic State in Prussia there might have been about 450–500 dieners at that time. The source analysis conducted here which concerned the castles in Malbork, Świecie, Elbląg and Brandenburg allow us to state that dieners were provided with the accommodation in the buildings situated in the outer wards of the castles. They were given rooms (chambers) exclusively for their use or individual rooms in infirmaries of dieners/servants. As may be inferred from the relatively numerous sources in the Malbork castle they were accommodated on the ground floor in the southern part of the eastern wing of the first internal ward, in the infirmaries next to the Church of St. Lawrence (the southern wing of the first internal ward). In Konigsberg the solution was quite exceptional. Dieners residing there were allowed to have their residential space within the outer wards of the castle (which cannot be proved), but the infirmary where they resided was situated in the territory of the so called wolnizna [Burgfreihei], in the north of the north-east part of the outer ward.

DE

Im spätmittelalterlichen Staat des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen waren Diener zumeist Personen, die aus Ritterfamilien stammten (häufig auch von außerhalb dieses Territoriums) und die von Gebietigern und Amtsträgern aus dem Orden unterhalten wurden (Unterkunft, Verpflegung, Kleidung, Bezahlung). Dafür waren sie zu diplomatischem, militärisch-ritterlichem und höfischem Dienst verpflichtet (Teilnahme an Kriegshandlungen, Besatzung von Burgen, Übermittlung von Informationen, Schutz von Abgesandten und Gästen, Aufklärung in feindlichem Gebiet, Teilnahme an Gefolgszügen usw.). Insgesamt unterhielt in der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts (nur für diesen Zeitraum existieren Quellenangaben) abgesehen von besonderen Anlässen (Besatzung der Grenzburgen in Memel und Dibau) jeder hohe Würdenträger des Ordens, jeder Komtur und Vogt bis zu mehrere Dutzend Diener. Im gesamten Ordensstaat in Preußen könnte es damals schätzungsweise 450–500 von ihnen gegeben haben. Die hier durchgeführten Quellenanalysen zu den Ordenshäusern in Marienburg, Schwetz, Elbing oder Brandenburg lassen den Schluss zu, dass den Dienern Unterkünfte in den Gebäuden der Vorburgen zugewiesen wurden. Dabei handelte es sich um Räumlichkeiten, die ausschließlich für ihre Bedürfnisse bestimmt waren oder auch um gesonderte Innenräume für Diener und Knechte in den Krankentrakten der Burgen. Wie aus den relativ zahlreichen Quellen hervorgeht, waren sie in der Hauptfestung Marienburg im Erdgeschoss im südlichen Teil des Ostflügels der geschlossenen Bebauung der ersten, inneren Vorburg untergebracht, außerdem in den Räumlichkei- ten des Krankentrakts bei der St.-Laurentius-Kirche (südlicher Bereich der zweiten Vorburg) sowie eventuell im „Palast“ der Hochmeister (Westflügel der ersten, inneren Vorburg). Eine recht unkonventionelle Lösung lässt sich für Königsberg ermitteln. Die dort lebenden Diener können natürlich Wohnräume im Bereich der Vorburg der dortigen Festung besessen haben (was sich jedoch nicht beweisen lässt), der für sie bestimmte Krankentrakt befand sich allerdings auf einem abgabefreien Gelände der Burg, etwas nördlich vom nordöstlichen Teil der Vorburg.

15

O kulcie Matki Bożej w zakonie krzyżackim

41%

Rozynkowski W.

Studia Elbląskie

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2023

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tom 24

7-17

EN

Blessed Virgin Mary played a prominent role in the history of the Teutonic Order. We meet her even in the name of this religious corporation - Order of the Hospital of Saint Mary of the Teutonic House in Jerusalem. Referring to the Mother of God was an important aspect of self-identity of the Teutonic Knights. The paper provides a number of examples of Marian worship: Marian feasts, altars, images and chasubles used in liturgical Marian celebrations. They are presented in the light of preserved inventories of chapels which existed in monastic houses of the Teutonic Order.

PL

W historię zakonu krzyżackiego bardzo intensywnie wpisana jest postać Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Spotykamy Ją już w samej nazwie wspólnoty, mówimy bowiem o Zakonie Szpitala Najświętszej Maryi Panny Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie. Odwołanie do Matki Bożej stanowiło więc ważny aspekt tożsamości krzyżaków. W artykule przywołano kilka przejawów kultu maryjnego: święta maryjne, ołtarze maryjne, wizerunki oraz ornaty, których używano podczas liturgicznych obchodów maryjnych. Zostały one ukazane głównie w świetle zachowanych inwentarzy wyposażenia kaplic znajdujących się w krzyżackich domach zakonnych.

16

Tytulatura pruska, chełmińska, elbląska, królewiecka, sambijska i michałowska na dokumentach i listach Kazimierza Jagiellończyka. Przyczynek do intytulacji Jagiellonów

41%

Grabowski J.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2016

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nr 23

127-137

EN

The article is an excerpt from a larger work devoted to calling by title of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland in the years 1386–1572. In the previous article the author took up the Mazovian and Rutheanian titulary of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the present one is devoted to the Prussian and connected with this one of Chełmno (Culm, Kulm), Elblag (Elbing), Königsberg, Sambia and Michałów. The Prussian (Prussiae) titulature in Casimir’s Royal Chancellery appeared for the first time in a record from March 6th, 1454 in which he incorporated all of Teutonic Order lands to the Polish Crown. Full title of Casimir IV Jagiellon in the act of incorporation was as follows: nos Kazimirus Dei gracia rex Poloniae necnon Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuyavie, magnus dux Lithuanie, Russie, Prussieque, Culmensis, Konigsbergensis, Elbingensis et Pomeranie terrarum dominus et heres. The acts that were drawn up in German contained the following Prussian titulature: konig zcu Polan, groszfurste zcu Littawen, obirster erbeling in Reuszen und Preuszen Hertzog, and the privileges: konig zcu Polan, Crocawser, Czewdmischer, Czerischer, Lanksznyczer und Koyszer, grosforste in Littauwen, in Rewszen un in Prewszen, Colmischer, Elbinscher, Konigsberischer und in der lande Pomerellen herre und erbeling etc. Titulature of Chełmno and Elblag regions is to be found in the royal papers (since 1454.): rex Poloniae Nenon terrarum Cracouiae, Sandomiriae, Siradiae, Lanciciae, Cujauiae, magnus dux Lithwaniae, Russiae, Prussiae ac Culmemsis, Elbingensis et Pomeraniae dominus et haeres etc. As for the titulary from Königsberg (Konigsbergensis), we find it only in the years 1454–1464. Under the provisions of the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) Königsberg remained in the Teutonic Order. The restitutionary titulature from Königsberg disappeared. Following the incorporation of the lands of the Teutonic Order to Poland only in individual cases the titulature from Sambia (Samen) and Michałów (Michaleviensis) regions was present. Until the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, all Polish kings in their acts and privileges used the Prussian title. At the same time. The titulature of Chełmno and Elblag became irregular after 1572 too and finally disappeared in the Polish Royal Chancellery.