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The Effect of Course Length on Individual Medley Swimming Performance in National and International Athletes

100%

Wolfrum M. , Rüst C. A. , Rosemann T. , Lepers R. , Knechtle B.

Journal of Human Kinetics

2014

tom 42

nr 1

187-200

Effects of course length (25 m versus 50 m) and advances in performance of individual medley swimming were examined for men and women in Swiss national competitions and FINA World Championships during 2000-2011. Linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse 200 m and 400 m race results for 26,081 swims on the Swiss high score list and 382 FINA finalists. Swiss and FINA swimmers of both sexes were, on average, 4.3±3.2% faster on short courses for both race distances. Sex-related differences in swim speed were significantly greater for FINA swimmers competing in short-course events than in long-course events (10.3±0.2% versus 9.7±0.3%, p<0.01), but did not differ for Swiss swimmers (p>0.05). Sex-related differences in swimming speed decreased with increasing race distance for both short- and long-course events for Swiss athletes, and for FINA athletes in long-course events. Performance improved significantly (p<0.05) during 2000-2011 for FINA men competing in either course length and FINA females competing in short-course events, but not for Swiss swimmers. Overall, the results showed that men and women individual medley swimmers, competing at both national and international levels, have faster average swimming speeds on short courses than on long courses, for both 200 m and 400 m distances. FINA athletes demonstrate an improving performance in the vast majority of individual medley events, while performance at national level seems to have reached a plateau during 2000-2011

Decreasing trend of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in herring from the southern Baltic Sea

75%

Sapota G.

2006

tom Vol. 35, No.1

15-21

The aim of this work was to examine the level of POPs (DDT and its metabolites, isomers of HCH, HCB and PCBs) in pelagic herring (Clupea harengus) caught in the southern Baltic Sea once a year during the period 1998-2003. Historical time trends of POPs from the 1970s to the year 1998 were calculated on the basis of the HELCOM Database. The measurements executed within Integrated Monitoring Programme of the Baltic Sea Environment HELCOM/COMBINE confirm that declines in the levels of PCBs and DDT have occurred in some fish from the Baltic Sea over the past 30 years. In herring muscle PCBs have decreased to about 15% of levels of the early 1970s and DDT to 5% of 1970s levels.