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Obyczajowość Tatarów polsko‑litewskich na Wileńszczyźnie

100%

Smajkiewicz-Murman D.

tom 37

The culture of Polish-Lithuanian Tatars in the Vilnius regionThe article analyses the culture of the Tatars who came to the Vilnius region centuries ago. In 1945, most of the Tatars from the region decided to go to Poland during the process of repatriation, because they were entitled to do so as Polish citizens.First, the article provides a description of the Tatars’ Muslim religion: the Quran, the doctrine and the dogmas of Islam, mosques, imams and their religious functions, festivals, and prayers. The subsequent part analyses Tatar’s symbolic culture: science, writing, language diversity, legends and superstitions, professions; material culture: clothes, cuisine, the interiors of mosques and grave adornments; as well as their rituals and ceremonies: giving names to children, weddings, funerals, rites of brotherhood, sacrifice.All names and the terminology are given in their official and colloquial versions, as well as in the version “that is used / was used in everyday conversations”. This shows the influence of the linguistic environment, which began already in the area of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Бытовой уклад польско-литовских татар на ВиленщинеВ статье представлены черты бытового уклада общества татар, столетия назад осевших в Виленском крае. Большая часть татарского населения этих мест, имея польское гражданство, воспользовалась правом «репатриации» в Польшу. Автор знакомит нас с основами мусульманской религии татарского населения и, в этой связи, в доступной форме напоминает основы Корана, говорит о доктрине и догматах ислама, о мечети, имаме и функциях имамов (выполняемых ими религиозных услугах), о праздниках и молитвах. В последующих подразделах описывается духовная культура – наука, письменность, языковая разнородность, легенды, суеверия, профессиональная деятельность; материальная культура – одежда, кухня, убранство мечетей, могил, а также обряды – наречение ребёнка именем, бракосочетание, похороны, побратимство, жертвоприношение. Очень важным является закрепление ономастических определений и терминов в рассматриваемой тематике, представляемых в официальной и разговорной версиях, а также в версии «так, как произносят / произносили». Это отображает влияния языковой среды, закрепившиеся в прошлом, ещё на землях Великого княжества Литовского.

„Społeczne Ramy Kultury” Czterdzieści Lat Później Pięć Modeli Komunikacji Kulturowej

51%

Sułkowski B.

nr 2-3

5-35

Forty years ago Antonina Kłoskowska built up a universal paradigm of three social frames of culture. They included: frame one, i.e. local production of symbolic processes, close to folk culture; frame two — understood as a network of local institutions of culture; frame three — involving a radiation of pan-local centers, in particular a reception of contents transmitted by mass media. A basic sociological criterion of differentiating between these categories includes a type of contact, and adjacency of sender and recip- ient of symbolic communication. Currently, following years of development of digital means of communication, computer networks and fiber optic technologies, audio-visual systems, mobile telephones, etc. a proposal of frames of culture must be examined again. New media shape new vehicles of expression (e.g. hypertext), but most importantly they inspire specific social relations. Discussion over cultural framework is also triggered by accelerated processes of economic and social transformation, advanced globalization, increase of living standards and dissemination of consumption attitudes, changes in leisure activities of the middle class. In more narrowly understood domain of institutional and professional culture one witnessed the processes of European dereg- ulation and release of culture from state, which in Eastern Europe was accompanied by abolition of censorship and a different model of culture distribution, which is controlled by market and cultural (creative) industry rather than by central government. As a result, the nature of direct communication among people is subject to ongoing transformation. We witness more and more indirect cultural communication (off-line and on-line). Modified and broadened proposal of social frames of culture includes five rather than three paradigms, namely: the culture of indirect communication, the culture of associations and volunteers; the culture of local institutions (public and private), mass culture versus pop culture, cyber-culture, culture of network community. One has to underline that in the new reality of our civilization we can still use analytic principles of Kłoskowska’s typology. First, we can treat spiritual culture as a phenomenon of autotelic semiosis with pragmatic definition of sign; second, while describing social functioning of culture we can use a sociological criterion of contact and adjacency.