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1

Surrogacy legal issues in the UK and the Czech Republic

100%

Burešová K.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2017

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tom 7

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nr 1

29-39

EN

One of the basic meanings of the life of a human is to have a descendant. If the natural conception fails, people look for other options. One of them is surrogacy. Surrogacy stands for a long way with uncertain end and result. The only certain result is, some rules must change. One of them is “mater semper certa est”. Legislation on surrogacy varries coutry to country. Some countries, like United Kingdom, recognize surrogacy on law basis for decades. Some countries, on the other hand, do not have legal bounds set. Although the surrogacy as a medical treatment is legal there. Czech Republic stands just for the country with no legislation. Comparism of these two systems may lead to the conclusion what are the challenges of surrogacy in the law field.

2

The Surrogate’s Womb

100%

Hochschild A. R.

Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)

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2015

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tom 16

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nr 2

42-52

EN

The essay focuses on reproductive tourism and estrangement not only from our products and people who produce what we consume but also from our emotions and our intimate lives. Concretely, the author focuses on experience of commercial surrogates in India – poor women in whom a couple’s embryo is implanted and who carry that baby to term for domestic or foreign clients. Drawing on interviews, the author analyses the world’s largest womb rental service and how – out of financial need – the surrogate manages her emotional ties to her own body.

3

Asistovaná reprodukce a její vliv na právní status (nad)počatého embrya či dospívajícího dítěte

63%

Valc J.

Časopis zdravotnického práva a bioetiky (Journal of Medical Law and Bioethics)

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2017

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tom 7

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nr 3

18-38

EN

Problems associated with low birth rates have been a long time a societal issue which, in the context of the development of modern biomedical technologies, is closely related to methods of assisted reproduction, especially artificial insemination, which is considered in the discourse to be the only reliable treatment of infertility. However, people don´t talk too much about the fact, that it is connected to many ethical and legal questations about disrespect the integrity and dignity of the human embryo. He is not considered to be the goal of these procedures but only a means of realizing the right to family life or the development of science if he becomes redundant. The aim of this article will be to point to the fact that the current legal situation in reproductive medicine degrades an unborn child into mere biological material or the subject of a contractual arrangement in the form of a surrogate agreement without providing him with adequate legal protection. The related legal concept of anonymous donation then has negative influence on the social life and the development of identity of the individual, who was conceived by using these methods. For this purpose, we will focus our attention on critical analysis of the legislation and we will also point to the need to reconsider the current approach of the legislator, which should proportionally take into account not only the interest of the society but also of every (artificially) conceived child.

CS

Problémy spojené s nízkou porodností jsou již dlouhou dobu celospolečenským tématem, které v kontextu vývoje moderních biomedicínských technologií úzce souvisí s metodami asistované reprodukce, zejména umělého oplodnění, které je v rámci diskurzu považováno za jedinou spolehlivou léčbu neplodnosti. Nehovoří se však příliš o tom, že s jeho realizací je spojeno mnoho etických a právních otázek, které souvisejí s nerespektováním integrity a důstojnosti lidského embrya. To totiž není považováno za cíl daných postupů, ale pouze jako prostředek k realizaci práva na rodinný život či rozvoj vědy, pokud se stane nadbytečným. Cílem tohoto článku bude poukázat na skutečnost, že současný právní stav v oblasti reprodukční medicíny degraduje začínající život na pouhý biologický materiál či předmět smluvního ujednání v podobě surogační dohody, aniž by mu jakožto lidské bytosti poskytoval náležitou právní ochranu. Související zákonná koncepce anonymního dárcovství navíc negativním způsobem navždy ovlivňuje společenský život a osobnostní vývoj takto počatého jedince. Za tímto účelem budeme kriticky analyzovat danou právní úpravu a poukážeme na potřebu celkové změny přístupu zákonodárce, který by měl proporcionálně zohledňovat nejen zájem společnosti, ale také každého (uměle) počatého dítěte.

4

The Commodification of Human Body

63%

Tittenbrun J.

Nowa Krytyka

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2016

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nr 36

7-28

EN

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse a number of aspects to today’s commodification of human body; as the latter is inherently gendered, the following comments also have the said dimension to them, with particular, but not exclusive reference to the female body.

5

New technologies and the existing model of protection of motherhood and parenthood

51%

Barancová H.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2017

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tom 7

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nr 4

231-242

EN

New technologies, particularly in the field of medical research, significantly affect the currently used model of social-law protection of motherhood and parenthood not only in the field of labour law but also in the field of social security law. The current model of social-law protection of motherhood and parenthood covers only the typical situations when a woman becomes pregnant by natural means, gives birth to the child and postpartum will start to care for their child. Under the current legal status such a woman (after giving birth or potentially a man) is entitled to a special legal protection not only according to the Slovak law but also under the law of the Czech Republic and the EU law. Few years ago, there have been continuously growing cases of surrogate motherhood, where a surrogate mother has carried a fetus and after the child is born she hands it over to the care of an intended mother under a special civil-law contract. Although most of the legislations of the EU member states do not regulate surrogacy, labour law and social security law must give solutions of social-law consequences of surrogate motherhood even regardless of whether the civil code provides for surrogacy any adequate legal framework. The proliferating cases of surrogate motherhood have been already addressed by a new case law of the ECJ under which the specific protection of a mother corresponds only to a pregnant woman who gave birth to a child. The increasing frequency of cases of surrogate motherhood will especially require in the near future from the legislators to provide a certain part of the social-law protection to the surrogate mother at the time of her pregnancy, at birth and shortly after the birth, and a part of this protection shall be provided also to the intended mother that will take the baby into her custody after the birth.