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EN
An attempt was made to modify bentonite by quaternary ammonium salts and silane coupling agents. The modifications aimed at inducing a change in the natural hydrophilic character of bentonite toward a hydrophobic character. The best effects were obtained using modification with octyltriethoxysilane and the alteration in physicochemical properties was proven using, e.g., sedimentation in xylene. Following the modification, zeta potential decreased in most samples but polydispersity remained unchanged. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the raw bentonite documented surface morphology resembling a developed rose flower and this was changed after modification with quaternary surfactants.
PL
Jednym z podstawowych składników farb, lepików i innych środków zawierających ciekłe polimery jest wypełniacz. Substancje taką musi charakteryzować miedzy innymi wysoka chłonność oleju parafinowego, zdolność do tworzenia możliwie trwałych zawiesin w żądanym rozpuszczalniku oraz ze względu na spory udział procentowy w finalnym produkcie niska cena. Rolę te mogą pełnić między innymi minerały zawierające krzemionkę. Np. bentonit. Charakteryzujące się dużym stopniem dyspersji oraz silną higroskopijnością. Dlatego w celu zastosowania bentonitu w środowisku niewodnym należy go zmodyfikować, np. przez hydrofobizację powierzchni. Jest to możliwe dzięki obecności krzemionki stanowiącej około połowę masy minerału. Występujące na powierzchni krzemionki grupy silanolowe są reaktywne i za ich pośrednictwem można wprowadzić na powierzchnię bentonitu związki wpływające na wzrost hydrofobowości układu. Zaproponowano przeprowadzenie badań nad hydrofobizacją bentonitów. Do zrealizowania tego zadania zastosowano silanowe środki wiążące oraz związki powierzchniowo czynne. Związki te z grupami funkcyjnymi o powinowactwie chemicznym do grup sialnowych krzemianów z jednej strony i grupami hydrofobizującymi z drugiej strony, mogą być do zmiany charakteru powierzchni bentonitu. Opracowano metodykę modyfikacji bentonitu oraz przeprowadzono analizę fizykochemiczną zmodyfikowanych bentonitów. Wykorzystano w tym celu między innymi badania mikroskopowo - elekronowe i dyfraktometryczne. Wykorzystano również metodę dynamicznego rozproszenia światła do oceny rozkładu wielkości algorytmów i pomiaru potencjału zeta oraz metodę absorpcyjną w celu wyznaczenia powierzchni bentonitu. Przeprowadzono również typowe badania dla wypełniaczy farb, a mianowicie oceniano sedymentację w ksylenie i benzynie.
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Content available remote Plasma aided flame retardation of wood, wooden products and cellulosic materials
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EN
The plasma aided flame retardation of wood, wooden products and cellulosic fibrous materials has been conceived and developed as a result of a plasma aided process of capillary impregnation. The dielectric barrier discharge surface pre-treatment modifies the chemical and capillary activity and improves such characteristics of the impregnation process as the penetration depth, speed of solution spreading and adsorption, and capacity of adsorbed solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to study the changed surface composition after plasma pre-treatment. The surface compositions of solid wood products, paper and board are critical to their end use performance. XPS is a powerful non-destructive surface analytical technique which provides valuable data on chemical surface composition and surface reorganization after plasma-chemical pre-treatment. The binding energy as a main characteristic of the atoms was used for elemental identification. Thermal analysis (TGA, DTA and DSC) was used to characterize the impact of the plasma surface activation on flame retardancy of Douglas fir wood. This study was developed as a part of large investigation on chemically activated wood surface and flame retarded wood.
EN
In this study, flotation experiments, zeta potential, XPS, AFM, SEM-EDS, and contact angle measurements were performed to study the influence of ammonium carbamate (CH6N2O2) on the sulfidation flotation of chrysocolla. The results of the sulfidation flotation experiments showed that the recovery of chrysocolla increased more than 40% on the optimal condition after adding ammonium carbamate. In addition, the zeta potential of samples with ammonium carbamate was clearly higher than ores for pH > 6, which was due to the complexation reaction between ammonium carbamate and copper ion on the surface of chrysocolla samples. The activity of copper adsorption has also been improved. Furthermore, the XPS data indicated that the content of Cu-S compounds on the mineral surface has been significantly enhanced after ammonium carbamate complex sulfidation. The chemical analysis of the solution led to the same conclusion. The AFM results showed that ammonium carbamate had a positive impact on the adsorption of minerals surface, and increased the flotation recovery. It can be deduced from the SEM-EDS analysis that the surface of chrysocolla better combined with S-, and more Cu-S components were generated on the surface, which led to 1.04% increase of S atomic concentration. Finally, the contact angle measurements showed that the water contact angle of chrysocolla after adding ammonium carbamate could reach 90.4°, which proved that the sulfidation improved the floatability of the chrysocolla sample.
EN
Wettability of the surface of bacterial cellulose film modified with low energy ion implantation The paper presents the preliminary results of the modification on the water wettability of cellulose, using ion implantation method. Two kinds ions of the noble gases, i.e. helium and argon were implanted with fluences of 1e15 nand 1e16 cm-2, and with the ion energy of 60 keV. The measurements of the contact angle values show the different influence of both types ions on the hydrophobicity of the modified cellulose, but the hydrophobicity of implanted cellulose increases in all cases. The real investigations were supplemented with the modelling results of the depth profiles of the implanted ions and the main parameters of the modelled peaks.
PL
Zwilżalność powierzchni celulozy bakteryjnej modyfikowanej metodą implantacji jonów. Artykuł przedstawia wstępne wyniki modyfikacji na zwilżalność wodą implantowanej jonami celulozy. W badaniach wykorzystano dwa rodzaje gazów szlachetnych, tj. hel i argon. Implantowane dawki wynosiły 1e15 i 1e16 cm-2, a energia jonów 60 keV. Pomiary kąta zwilżania pokazują różny wpływ obydwu typów jonów na hydrofobowość modyfikowanej celulozy, jednakże hydrofobowość wzrasta we wszystkich przypadkach. Badania zostały uzupełnione wynikami modelowania głębokosciowych profili implantowanych jonów i głównych parametrów modelowanych pików.
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EN
Well-ordered nano-carbon materials, like multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, graphene due to their unique physical and chemical properties, are candidates for promising applications. In this work thin multilayered graphene, single layer graphene oxide layers and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface were treated by RF activated N2 gas plasma at nominally room temperature. Negative bias in the 0–200 V range and treatment time of 10 min was applied. Surface chemical alterations were followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The applied treatments resulted in a significant build-up of nitrogen in the surface of these nano-carbon materials. The amount of nitrogen varied between 4 and 10 atomic %, depending on type of carbon and on biasing conditions. Evaluating the high-resolution N1s XP spectral region, typically three different chemical bonding states of the nitrogen were delineated. Peak component at 398.3 eV is assigned to C=N–C type, at 399.7 eV to sp2 N in melamine-type ring structure and at 400.9 eV to N substituting carbon in a graphite-like environment. Identical chemical bonding of the nitrogen was detected on the surface of HOPG treated in the same way for comparison.
EN
This paper reports on characteristics of alumina-type coatings deposited on steel substrates and treated with pulsed plasma streams containing high-energy ion beams (N, Ar, and Ti+N). Originally matted surfaces of the ceramic layers, which were created by plasma spraying of gray alumina, were changed into shiny ones, and splat boundaries disappeared due to the melting of a thin surface layer. The thickness of this modified layer did not exceed 1 žm. A higher content of Ti was found on the surfaces of the Ti- and N-treated samples only.
EN
The paper presents examples of the most important results obtained in SINS during the last decade, interesting from the point of view of industrial applications. It also indicates some of the most prospective directions in research on modification of the surface properties of materials by means of pulsed plasma streams.
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Content available remote Dielectric property of Cu powder/polymer composites
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EN
Dielectric property of Cu/polymer thermoplastic composites was measured in high frequencies up to 1 GHz. Generally relative permittivity and dielectric loss of the composites increased as the increasing metal inclusion loading as the percolation theory predicts. The incorporation of the copper inclusion with surface antirust layer raised relative permittivity of the composite from 2.3 to 21.3 at the loading level of 39.3 vol. % at 500 MHz. When copper oxide layer was introduced to the filler surface, estimated increase of relative permittivity was ca. 25 %. Since metal composites with ordered structure would raise the relative permittivity of the composites, the cause of this increase in relative permittivity in the present study can be attributable to reduced compatibility of the filler surface and the polymer matrix which lowers randomness of particle distribution. On the other hand, dielectric loss of the composite with surface oxidized Cu powder was increased by ca. 50 % compared to that of the anti/rusted powder composite. This would be caused by skin effect that part of the induced current flows through the less conductive surface oxide layer.
EN
Among different methods used in surface engineering such as CVD, PVD, ion implantation etc., the techniques using high intensity ion or plasma beams are relatively new ones. The results reported thus far show that the treatment of steel surface with high intensity plasma pulses can lead to changes of its morphology and mechanical properties. Stainless steels have very good corrosion resistance, but they have low hardness and poor tribological properties. The intense pulsed plasma beams were used for modification of alloyed steels especially austenitic (1.4301 and 1.4401) and ferritic (1.4016) stainless steels with various content of alloying elements. Samples were irradiated with 2, 5 or 10 short (μs scale) intense (density of energy was about 5 J/cm2) pulses. Heating and cooling processes were of non-equilibrium type. In all samples the near surface layer of the thickness in μm range was melted and simultaneously doped with cerium and lanthanum. The aim of this work was to investigate the changes of stainless steel surface morphology after melting, rare earth elements (REE) addition and rapid solidification after interaction with intense pulsed plasma beams. The surface morphology was analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Changes of surface roughness were determined by profilometric measurements. The efficiency of REE addition process was also determined.
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Content available remote Modified titanium white - characteristics and application
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EN
In the studies, type R-211 was used, produced by Chemical Works, Police S.A. (Poland). Surface modification of titanium white was performed in order to alter its physicochemical character. In this aim, silane coupling agents were used, carrying methacryloxy, vinyl and amine groups. Basic characteristics of the titanium white included estimation of bulk density, water, dibuthyl phthalate and paraffin oil absorbing capacities. Moreover, studies were conducted to define morphology, surface structure and dispersion of TiO2, as affected by the type of applied modifier. The parameters were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using dynamic light scattering (DLS) effects of the applied modifiers were tested on tendency to form particle agglomerates. Significant changes were observed in the tendency to form primary and secondary agglomerate structures, particularly upon modification with U-15D aminosilane. The fillers permitted to improve physicochemical and utility properties of the façade acrylic paints.
PL
W badaniach wykorzystano biel tytanową marki R-211 produkowaną przez Zakłady Chemiczne Police S.A.. Modyfikację powierzchni bieli tytanowej prowadzono w celu zmiany jej charakteru fizykochemicznego. W tym celu do modyfikacji zastosowano silanowe związki wiążące z następującymi grupami funkcyjnymi: metakryloksy, winylową oraz aminową. W celu otrzymania podstawowej charakterystyki bieli tytanowej oznaczano jej: gęstość nasypową, chłonności – wody, ftalanu dibutylu oraz oleju parafinowego. Ponadto przeprowadzono badania mające na celu określenie morfologii, budowy powierzchni i dyspersji cząstek ditlenku tytanu w zależności od rodzaju modyfikatora. Oceny dokonano przy zastosowaniu skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM). Techniką dynamicznego rozpraszania światła (DLS) badano wpływ użytych modyfikatorów na tendencję do tworzenia aglomeratów cząstek. Modyfikowane i niemodyfikowane biele tytanowe zastosowano jako pigmenty w farbach akrylowych. Stwierdzono, że winylosilan w największym stopniu hydrofobizuje powierzchnię bieli tytanowej, natomiast aminosilan podwyższa hydrofilowość tej powierzchni. Modyfikowane biele tytanowe przyczyniają się ponadto do poprawy parametrów fizykochemicznych i użytkowych fasadowych farb akrylowych.
EN
Industrial oil was collected using hydrophobic silica powders. Silica nanopowder was modified with octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTS) using spray pyrolysis reactor continuously. Besides nanoparticles, mesoporous silica powder synthesized using Pluronic P104 was adopted as another oil adsorbents. Spherical macroporous or meso-macroporous silica particles were prepared by selfassembly for the removal of oil. The effects of the amount of powder on the oil adsorption were studied and compared with the results of various silica powders. The meso-macroporous silica particles were found to be the most efficient, indicating that both specific surface area and porosity played crucial role.
EN
Nowadays, the Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS) within the Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD) appears to be a reliable and effective solution for patients with advanced heart failure (HF). After many years of work, extracorporeal pulsatile VADs have been replaced by new generations of implantable continuous flow (CF) pumps. Clinical experience has shown that present-day pump constructions still need to be improved to minimize the risk of complications during heart assistance. One of the complications is the pump inflow obstruction caused by the ingrowth of tissue into the blood inflow path and pump thrombosis. The main goal is to develop a coating for the external surface of the inflow cannula to provide controlled tissue ingrowth. The smooth surface of the cannula external wall results in the tissue overgrowth into the pump inflow orifice, and may be a source of emboli. The paper presents external surface modifications of the inflow cannula performed by different VAD manufacturers within the topography characterization. The inflow cannulas used in CF VADs are mainly made of titanium alloy due to its mechanical properties and high biocompatibility. In general, the discussed surface coatings were characterized by the roughness of about ≈ Ra = 15 μm, high porosity and good wettability Φ ≈ 60°. The surface was covered with titanium microspheres or titanium mesh. The developed surfaces and clinical experience confirm the ability to control the tissue ingrowth along the external surfaces of the inflow cannula at the tissue-implant interface.
EN
Herein, an effort was made to investigate the antibacterial potential of agarose nanoparticles (ANPs) and poly(quaternary ammonium) modifi ed ANPs (mANPs) against Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacterium) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacterium) in liquid systems as well as on agar plates. ANPs were synthesized by nanoprecipitation technology and characterized by XRD, TEM, TGA, DTA and DLS. The particle size estimated was 30 nm while atomic force microscopy was used to observe the interaction of ligand on ANPs. Antimicrobial characterization was monitored by colony forming units (CFU) as a function of ANPs concentration on agar plates. It was observed that ANPs showed 15 x 109/ml CFU after 24 hours of incubation at 20 mM ANPs concentration while the modified ANPs exhibited 21 x 109/ml CFU under similar incubation conditions. Moreover, zone of inhibition (ZOI) was 2.9 and 3.8 cm, respectively for E. coli by ANPs at 0.2 and 0.4 mM, respectively while it was 3.2 and 3.8 cm respectively by modified ANPs under similar conditions. Similarly, ZOI for S. aureus by ANPs at 0.2 and 0.4 mM was observed at 3.1 and 4.0 cm, respectively, while these values were 3.5 and 4.1 cm, respectively for modified ANPs under similar incubation conditions.
EN
As it is widely stated in the literature, biofilms are responsible for most chronic infections, which have grown exponentially over the past three decades. The use of so-called alloys, as a new generation of materials, enables us to find the golden mean in the arena widely known as implantology. The use of the surface layer, using the chosen Atomic Layer Deposition method, is to be the basis for minimizing the risk of an organism reactions. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to observe the impact of physicochemical properties of the surface layers (bactericidal) on the processes that occur on the implants surface made of titanium biomaterials used in bone structures. The study also attempted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the ZnO coatings, deposited on the substrate of one of the new generation Ti13Nb13Zr alloys, using the ALD method. Included in the assessment of the physicochemical properties of the surface layers formed in this manner, we perform pitting corrosion resistance tests, scratch tests, tribological tests and surface wettability tests. Based on the obtained data, the differing physicochemical properties of the alloy with ZnO coatings are found to be dependent on the applied surface modification. For the conducted tests, differences are determined for the tests on the corrosion resistance, surface wettability and the abrasion resistance for samples with and without the ZnO coating. In addition, tests show that the coating applied to the alloy, which is previously subjected to the sand-blasted process, is characterized by improved adhesion.
EN
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of epoxy resin curing agents and aluminium surface modification on the properties of adhesive joints which were subjected to aging under thermal shock conditions. Composites containing reinforced aramid and carbon fibres with aluminium flat profiles (alloy Al 5754) were tested under shear conditions. Epoxy resin (Araldite LY 1564) with amine curing agents (Aradur 3486, Aradur 3487 and Aradur 3405) was used as a matrix. Composites were made using vacuum-assisted contact lamination. The degree of degradation was assessed on the basis of lap shear strength of adhesive joints in accordance with EN ISO 1465:2009. The research showed that epoxy composite samples based on Aradur 3405 (accelerated aliphatic polyamine) and sanded surface of aluminium presented the best lap shear adhesive strength, because this composite has the largest roughness. The hardness of the used adhesive is slightly increased with the cycle number.
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Content available In vitro study of chemically modified carbon fibres
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EN
The objects of this study were three types of low-carbonised carbon fibres. The fibres differed in oxygen contents and in surface state resulting from chemical bonding. The behaviour of macrophages line J774 and peritoneal mouse macrophages in the presence of these fibres was studied. Viability, ability to proliferation and releasing level of IL-6 and NO were analysed. It has been shown that a/l examined fibres in- duce the formation of considerable high level of IL-6. Moreover, none of the analysed materials induced of NO forming. Macrophage viability varied depending on oxygen content on the carbon surface. Reaction of cells with modified surface carbon fibres brings about significant/y different cells response in vitro.
18
Content available remote Yttrium iron garnet surface modification during pulsed laser ablation deposition
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EN
This paper reports on the formation of cone-like structures on yttrium iron garnet (YIG) targets during the ablation of YIG thin films. Energy dipersive X-ray analysis (EDS) performed in the targets show that the cones are rich in yttrium.
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PL
Ze względu na unikalne właściwości fizyko-chemiczne, warstwy krystalicznego węgla znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w różnych dziedzinach. Wysoka biozgodność umożliwia zastosowanie tych warstw do pokrywania implantów medycznych. Dlatego też istnieje obecnie duże zainteresowanie rozwojem metod modyfikacji powierzchni diamentowych. Pozwalają one na formowanie powłok o nowych właściwościach. W poniższych badaniach przedstawiono próbę modyfikacji proszku diamentowego (DPP - Diamond Powder Particles) polegającą na wytworzeniu na ich powierzchni grup karboksylowych. W badaniach użyto proszków diamentowych, wytworzonych metodą RF PCVD (Radio Frequency Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition). Proces modyfikacji polegał na reakcji DPP z dwoma silnymi utleniaczami: H2SO4 i NaClO3 w atmosferze argonu. Do charakterystyki proszku użyto skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM) i spektroskopu podczerwieni (FTIR).
EN
In view of the unique physico-chemical properties, the crystalline carbon layers are a very attractive materials for different applications. The high biocompatibility enables to use these layers in medicine as a surface which coat implants. That's why a development of surface modifications' methods arouses currently a great interest. These diamond surfaces allow to make a coatings, which possess a new properties. In this study, we attempt to chemical modification of diamond powder particles (DPP) in order to produce carboxylic groups at the surface. In the investigations we used DPP, witch were synthetised by Radio Frequency Chemical Vapour Deposition. The modification consist in reaction of DPP with two strong oxigenators: sulphuric acid and sodium chlorate in atmosphere of argon. Scanning Electron Microscopy and FT-IR were used to characterize the surface of the diamond powder.
EN
The use of zeolites as sorbents has been investigated as a replacement for existing costly methods of removing organic contaminants from water solutions. Zeolites can be modified by inorganic salts, organic surfactants, metals or metal oxides in order to increase their adsorption capacity. The unique ion exchange and adsorption properties of zeolites make them very suitable for application in the removal of organic compounds such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols and other complex petrochemicals. Many different studies have demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing the concentrations of organic contaminants as well as petroleum derivatives in water, which has been summarized in this paper.
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