A review of energy storage technologies based on carbonaceous material, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel gas storage. Relevant properties of the carbons are emphasized and the different forms of carbon used are presented. lithium ion batteries incorporate carbon anodes and the mechanisms of storage of lithium ion and associated electrochemical storage capacities of different forms of carbon are surveyed. The performance of supercapacitors using activated carbon, carbon aerogels or carbon nanotubes as capacitor materials are discussed and aspects requiring further development are identified. The requirements for adsorbing natural gas in carbons are listed and the performance of different forms of carbon for this function is assessed. The ability of carbonaceous materials to store significant quantities of hydrogen at room temp. is also discussed. The very high hydrogen storage capacities claimed for certain carbon nanofibers are evaluated. The performance of the different energy storage methods are compared and the status of each technology is assessed.
This paper describes the modelling of the energy management system (EMS) of light vehicles using hybrid multi-power source systems. The hybrid system included a fuel cell (FC), a battery, supercapacitors (SC) and a photovoltaic cell. The battery was used as the primary power source for driving the vehicle. Other sources were used as supplemental power sources for medium range vehicle usage. The control algorithm was developed as a switching mechanism used to trigger between the energy sources based on the drive of the vehicle power system as a means of examining the electrical power flow. The control algorithm was used to manage the switching operation of power supplies for the EMS during light vehicle operation. The results showed that the models were operating efficiently based on the switching control algorithm and management of the energies from various sources.
PL
Opisano modelowaniem system zarządzania energią lekkich pojazdów. W skład systemu wchodzą: bateria, superkondensator i bateria fotowoltaiczna. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na mechanizm przełączania między źródłami energii.
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The paper deals with the stability aspects around the defined equilibrium point of an electrical system used in the traction regime of a DC motor. The electrical schema of the system is presented and the mathematical model is constructed. After defining the equilibrium point, the stability around it is analyzed, using several mathematical criteria. Implementing a modern controller, mathematical results are verified by computations and conclusions regarding the mathematical methods of stability analysis are done.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy stabilności wokół zdefiniowanego punktu równowagi modelu układu elektrycznego złożonego z dwóch źródeł energii, dwóch elementów sterujących, oraz obciążenia trakcyjnego. Zaprezentowano schemat takiego układu oraz skonstruowano odpowiadający mu model matematyczny. Zastosowano klasyczne kryteria do analizy zachowania się układu zlinearyzowanego wokół punktu równowagi.
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