Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Zapis windykacyjny jako rozrządzenie o skutku zobowiązująco-rozporządzającym

100%

Górniak K.

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nr 2

271-308

EN

Legatum per vindicationem was introduced into Polish law in 2011. The majority of legal scholars treat it as the type of a testamentary disposition that solely results in the acquisition of ownership by a legatee. It has, therefore, only ‘real’ effect and is not a source of any obligation between an heir and a legatee. The aim of this article is to prove the opposite. The main thesis is that legatum per vindicationem also results in the obligation to transfer ownership and take over a thing that is due to a legatee by an heir. It is, thus, a testamentary disposition, which can be regarded as legatum per damnationem (the so-called ‘ordinary’ legacy) combined with an additional ‘real’ effect, namely, the automatic acquisition of ownership of a thing bequeathed by a legatee. This theoretical assumption can be supported by at least three arguments. Firstly, by the wording of Article 9816 of the Polish Civil Code (the PCC) which provides that the provisions on legatum per damnationem apply accordingly to legatum per vindicationem (to all the aspects not dealt with differently). Secondly, by the findings of the jurisprudence as regards unjustified enrichment. The additional ‘obligational’ effect of legatum per vindicationem seems to properly ‘justify” the fact that it is through the legacy that a legatee becomes enriched. The material benefit gained by a legatee is, in this way, ‘justified’ in the light of the unjustified enrichment regime. Thirdly, the view presented in this article corresponds with the way in which ownership is transferred in Polish law inter vivos. Polish law has adopted a consensual model of the transfer of ownership (that is based on French law) which presumes the ‘double’ effect of a contract. Similarly, legatum per vindicationem can be regarded as a disposition with ‘double’ effect. The article reveals practical consequences of the presented thesis. Perhaps the most important of them is the following one: due to the fact that it has the ‘obligational’ effect, legatum per vindicationem should be governed by the provisions on the performance of obligations and the effects of non-performance (Articles 450–486 of the PCC), as well as by the provisions on legatum per damnationem providing for the time limit of the performance (Article 970 of the PCC) and the responsibility for defects in the thing bequeathed (Article 978 of the PCC).

2

Przyszłość zachowku w prawie polskim

100%

Załucki M.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2012

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tom 21

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nr 2

529-562

EN

The development of the inheritance law in Poland arises the question of protection of the deceased’s relatives in the context of his testamentary dispositions. The legitimate portion in the civil code is no longer desirable, especially because of two defects. First, it is the wrong group of people entitled to the legitimate portion. Second, a detailed examination of the claim of legitim to determine whether a person was in any way depandant on the deceased’s estate is not possible. These defects cause that the shape of a legitimate portion in polish law is a too-far reaching interference with the testator’s last will. It needs changes.

3

Podstawy prawne wskazania statutu formy rozrządzeń na wypadek śmierci

100%

Nowak F.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2020

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tom 29

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nr 4

701-754

EN

The form of dispositions of property upon death is a matter of particular interest to private international law. The law applicable to the form of such legal acts is determined on the basis of special conflict-of-law rules, which can be found not only in domestic acts, but also in various international instruments. Thus, the form of dispositions of property upon death is subject to unified conflict-of-law rules found both in the multilateral Hague Convention of 1961 on the Conflicts of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary and in Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. On top of that there are numerous bilateral agreements concluded by the Republic of Poland throughout the past years, which also contain conflict rules governing the issue in question. The above sources of private international law constitute a complex ‘patchwork’. Despite their similarity, both in terms of the method used to determine the applicable law and the type of utilised connecting factors, the result of using the various rules may sometimes be different. That is why it is important to delimitate the spheres of application of different sources of law. The author attempts to present the hierarchy of competing acts, placing special emphasis on bilateral conventions, the status of which in the Polish legal system is often overlooked and neglected.

4

PREPARATION OF WILLS IN TIMES OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC – SELECTED OBSERVATIONS

88%

Załucki M.

Journal of Modern Science

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2020

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nr 2/45/2020

143-152

EN

Objectives: The aim of the article is to present selected aspects of the issue of making wills in a pandemic, including the search for answers to the question of how to make a valid will. Selected legal systems, which have presented solutions for drawing up wills in the COVID-19 pandemic will be analyzed. Since some legislators have prepared and enacted appropriate facilities for the use of formal instruments for disposing of property upon death specifically for the pandemic period, the author looks at these solutions and wonders whether it is appropriate to deformalize the law of succession for the period after the pandemic. Because of that, a path for the legislator's future is be proposed, in the light of current trends in the world of testamentary formalities. Material and methods: The analysis of legal solutions will be based on the dogmatic method, which will be supported by comparative considerations. Results: Presentation of selected aspects of the issue of making wills in a pandemic, including the proposed answers to the question of how to make a valid will. Conclusions: It is appropriate to deformalize the law of succession for the period after the pandemic. The solutions adopted during the pandemic have shown that it is possible for testators to take greater account of their interests. In succession law such solutions were and still are expected.

5

Trust w prawie kontynentalnym

88%

Górniak K.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2022

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tom 31

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nr 2

275-348

EN

Trust is a legal device that has been developed by English courts of equity and is traditionally viewed as distinctive for common law jurisdictions. Comparative studies on trusts proved, however, that trusts do not require equity (understood as a separate system of law). The examples of mixed jurisdictions, such as Scotland, South Africa, Quebec, or Louisiana, illustrate that even the legal system with predominantly civilian property law can accept trusts. This puts the question if it is possible to transplant trust to a civil law jurisdiction. There are countries that have already decided to do so, some cautiously, with many limitations (as France which adopted le fiducie in 2007), and other more bravely (as Czechia or Hungary). Therefore, the article addresses the question whether a trust could be implemented to Polish law. As the study shows, our jurisprudence recognizes legal concepts which taken together can describe the way in which a trust operates. It involves such theoretical concepts as separate patrimony, doctrine of subrogation, real obligations (obligations propter rem), claims with real effects, and contract of mandate. That is perhaps the most exact way of describing trusts in civilian terminology. There exists, however, a simpler way of conceptualizing the trust. It can be also regarded as an obligation to manage somebody else’s assets, combined with authorization of a trustee to dispose of these assets and to acquire other assets in their place. In this model, the ownership of trust fund rests with the beneficiary. The trustee is not the owner of trust assets, but he is only authorized to manage them (on his own behalf, although with direct effect in the beneficiary’s patrimony). If one agrees to acknowledge, from a functional point of view, that this kind of device has all consequences associated with trusts (e.g. in case of bankruptcy or breach of the trust), then some legal solutions present in Polish law could be viewed as trust- like. As the article claims, the newly adopted (in 2019) succession management (zarząd sukcesyjny) is one of them.

6

Zasada osobistości testament w prawie polskim

63%

Grzegorczyk K.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2020

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tom 29

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nr 1

99-135

EN

The so-called principle of personal character of a testament becomes more and more often raised as an argument by Polish legal scholars. The text provides the first systematic analysis of the principle in Polish law. In order to verify the opinion that such a principle is a norm, two approaches have been used: a theoretical one (based on Dworkin’s and Alexy’s concept of principles and rules) and a practical one (based on concepts developed in the context of an academic analysis of Polish private law). The validity of the principle of personal character of testament is unquestionable in the light of Article 944 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code, which prohibits making and revoking testaments by a representative. There is, however, a wide range of situations with no clear answer concerning the applicability of that principle, and these situations have been analysed in the text. Basically, third party impact on testament content should be considered unacceptable, while such impact on testament effects is admissible. An example of the former might be a special purpose bequest (zapis celowy) instead of a bequest specifying an obligation. On the other hand, an example of an acceptable disposition might be letting a third party choose from among possible objects of a bequest. The latter would not be admissible by naming an heir (however, not because of the principle of personal character of a testament, but because of the regulations concerning the form of a testament), which made the issue controversial among Polish legal scholars (the so-called variant or alternative bequest (zapis wariantowy or zapis alternatywny) has been accepted by the Polish Supreme Court lately). The analysis presented in the text also affirms the admissibility of a third party aid in revoking a testament by destroying it with the intention of revoking (according to Article 946 of the Polish Civil Code). Finally, the principle of personal character of a testament is used in the text to mark the boundaries of the allowed interpretation of a testament. As a result, the analysed principle is accepted as valid (in both theoretical and practical sense of the notion of a principle) in Polish law. It has, however, smaller (than expected by some other authors) impact on the way of interpreting the provisions of Polish inheritance law.

7

Złożenie oświadczenia spadkowego przez przedstawiciela ustawowego spadkobiercy niemającego pełnej zdolności do czynności prawnych – uwagi na tle uchwały składu siedmiu sędziów Sądu Najwyższego – Izby Cywilnej z 22 maja 2018 roku (III CZP 102/17)

63%

Trzewik J.

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tom 13

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nr 1

439-454

EN

Inheritance of legacy by minors or incapacitated is a legal issue that raises many doubts in doctrine and jurisprudence. Recently, particular attention has been paid to doubts regarding the legal nature of the act of rejection of the inheritance, made by the legal representative of the heir who does not have full legal capacity, as well as the importance of his application to family court for giving permission to reject the inheritance on behalf of a minor and its influence on deadline for submitting the inheritance statement itself. The scope of this work includes the analysis of the indicated legal issues of the resolution of seven judges of the Supreme Court against the background of previous jurisprudence and the achievements of the doctrine.

PL

Dziedziczenie spadku przez osoby małoletnie jest zagadnieniem prawnym budzącym liczne wątpliwości w doktrynie i judykaturze. W ostatnim czasie szczególną uwagę skupiały zwłaszcza wątpliwości dotyczące charakteru prawnego czynności złożenia przez przedstawiciela ustawowego spadkobiercy niemającego pełnej zdolności do czynności prawnych oświadczenia woli w przedmiocie odrzucenia spadku, jak i znaczenie złożenia przez niego wniosku do sądu opiekuńczego o udzielenie zezwolenia na odrzucenie spadku imieniem małoletniego na bieg terminu do złożenia samego oświadczenia spadkowego. Przedmiot tej pracy stanowi analiza rozstrzygającej wskazane zagadnienia prawne uchwały siedmiu sędziów Sądu Najwyższego, na tle dotychczasowego orzecznictwa oraz dorobku doktryny.

8

Mechanizm sądowego miarkowania wysokości zachowku jako przejaw dynamicznej wykładni prawa cywilnego

63%

Królikowski M.

Przegląd Prawa i Administracji

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2020

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tom 120

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nr Tom 2

405 - 416

PL

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy możliwości zmniejszenia wysokości zachowku przysługującego najbliższym członkom rodziny w toku postępowania sądowego. Pomimo braku wyraźnej podstawy prawnej aprobowane było częściowe zmniejszenie zachowku przez sąd ze względu na szczególne okoliczności dotyczące uprawnionego oraz spadkobiercy (głównie chodziło o trudną sytuację majątkową zobowiązanego), przy czym takiej modyfikacji wysokości świadczenia dokonywano w wyjątkowych przypadkach. W ostatnich latach w orzecznictwie sądów powszechnych zaczęto rozszerzać tę możliwość przez odwoływanie się do okoliczności występujących między uprawnionym a spadkodawcą, w szczególności okoliczności wskazujących na osłabienie faktycznej więzi pomiędzy tymi osobami. W ocenie autora niniejszego artykułu opisane zmiany są następstwem zmian społecznych, wpływających na postrzeganie instytucji zachowku.

EN

The article concerns the issue of reducing forced share, to which the closest members of a deceased’s family are entitled. Although there is no explicit legal basis, it was accepted that a court could reduce this share due to specific circumstances related to a forced heir and a successor appointed in a will, particularly with regard to the difficult financial situation of the latter. Recently difficult relations between a forced heir and a testator have also become another reason for using such reduction by courts. In the author’s opinion, the aforementioned tendencies are consequences of social changes, which imply different assessment of forced heirship.

9

W poszukiwaniu instytucji zapisu o skutku rzeczowym w prawie spadkowym na ziemiach polskich od czasów najdawniejszych do zakończenia II wojny światowej – rys prawnohistoryczny

63%

Makowiec A.

Prawo w Działaniu

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2022

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nr 52

EN

This paper focuses on the presentation of succession institutions similar in nature to a legacy enforceable per se which existed in the Polish territories from the oldest days until the end of World War II. In the context of the issues researched in the paper, it seems very important to analyse the regulations existing in the period of the rebirth of the Polish State after the First World War, which were contained in the Napoleonic Code, because this is where an institution similar to the legacy of immediate enforceability occurs. In the situation, where it is impossible to find any institution of legacy enforceable per se in the Polish regulations existing during the time analysed, the paper lists other institutions introduced at that time by legislators that allowed the deceased to dispose of the estate mortis causa. The paper also investigates the influence of economic, social and political factors on the shaping of the institutions analysed and on the changes in the evolution of succession law throughout the centuries.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na przybliżeniu instytucji prawnospadkowych obowiązujących na ziemiach polskich od czasów najdawniejszych do zakończenia II wojny światowej, które były zbliżone w swym kształcie do zapisu o skutkach rzeczowych. Z uwagi na poruszoną problematykę szczególne znaczenie ma analiza regulacji obowiązujących w okresie odrodzenia państwa polskiego po I wojnie światowej, zawartych w kodeksie Napoleona, gdyż to właśnie tam, jak się okaże, pojawia się instytucja przypominająca zapis windykacyjny. Natomiast w sytuacji gdy nie sposób odnaleźć instytucji zapisu o skutkach rzeczowych wśród polskich regulacji prawnospadkowych obowiązujących w poddanym analizie przedziale czasowym, wskazane zostaną inne wprowadzone wówczas przez ustawodawcę instytucje pozwalające spadkodawcy rozrządzić majątkiem mortis causa. W artykule zostanie zwrócona również uwaga na wpływ czynników ekonomicznych, społecznych i politycznych na ukształtowanie przedmiotowych instytucji oraz na przeobrażenia/ewolucję prawa spadkowego na przestrzeni wieków.

10

The Entailed Estate in Polish Law from late 15th to the 20th Century: Exception from General Succession Law and Perpetuation of Estate

63%

Bańczyk W.

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2019

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tom 80

9-28

EN

The article describes the old-Polish institution of entailed estate, mostly exemplified by the 1589 Zamoyski entailed estate. Firstly, its legal regulation and practice of functioning is analysed within a broader perspective of the overall property and succession law in the times of their establishment. Then the functions, possibilities, but also challenges and problems connected with it are discussed. Finally, the utility of this study is presented for history, history of law, and modern law.

11

English equivalents of the Polish term “zarządca spadku nieobjętego”

63%

Kizińska A.

Linguodidactica

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2017

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tom 21

EN

The aim of this article is to present the English equivalents of the Polish term – “zarządca spadku nieobjętego” that are included in specialized Polish-English dictionaries and to assess their adequacy. The phrase “zarządca spadku nieobjętego” – typical of legal Polish and, more precisely, of succession law – may be literally translated into English as “administrator of non-acquired estate”. The definitions of the Polish succession law term under analysis are presented following an explanation of the label “term” [Lukszyn and Zmarzer (2001)] and a clarification of the phenomenon of “incongruity of terms” [Šarčević (1997)]. In the process of assessing their adequacy, the presence of equivalents in British law sources (in each of the three separate legal systems of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) is checked, and, if needed, the legal definitions of equivalents are presented. The translation methods applied to the formation of equivalents are also determined. Findings lead to conclude that one of the suggested equivalents may serve as the closest functional equivalent [Šarčević (1997)] of the Polish term in question.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie angielskich ekwiwalentów polskiego terminu prawa spadkowego „zarządca spadku nieobjętego”, które zostały zaproponowane w dwujęzycznych specjalistycznych słownikach polsko-angielskich oraz próba oceny ich trafności.Wpierwszej części artykułu przestawione są definicje polskiego terminu poddanego analizie, pojęcia „nieprzystawalności terminów” według Šarčević (1997) oraz „terminu” według Zmarzer i Lukszyna (2001). Podczas analizy przytacza się definicje angielskich ekwiwalentów oraz sprawdza się ich występowanie w źródłach prawa brytyjskiego (w trzech systemach prawa: Anglii i Walii, Szkocji oraz Irlandii Północnej). Następnie określa się techniki przekładowe, które zostały zastosowane podczas tworzenia omawianych ekwiwalentów. Na podstawie badania jeden spośród analizowanych ekwiwalentów zostaje określony jako najbliższy ekwiwalent funkcjonalny zgodnie z definicją Šarčević (1997).

12

Adaptacja prawa polskiego do wymogów unijnego rozporządzenia spadkowego (Nr 650/2012)

63%

Załucki M.

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2015

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nr 2(17)

5-18

EN

This article discusses legislative alignment of the Polish law to the requirements of the EU succession Regulation No. 650/2012. Author presents the origins of the Polish Act adapting the Regulation and shows the course of legislative works. His presentation aims to identify major changes in the Polish law related to this Regulation.

PL

Tematem pracy jest adaptacja prawa polskiego do wymogów unijnego rozporządzania spadkowego (Nr 650/2012). Autor przedstawia źródła polskiej ustawy o adaptacji rozporządzania i wykazuje tok legislacji. Niniejsza praca ma na celu wykazywanie ważnych zmian w polskim prawie z powodu wyżej wspomnianego rozporządzania.

13

Źródła archiwalne do poznania wyposażenia gospodarstwa chłopskiego na Górnym Śląsku w XIX wieku

51%

Bulla K.

Rocznik Muzeum "Górnośląski Park Etnograficzny w Chorzowie"

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2017

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tom 5

|

nr 5

9-62

PL

Odtworzenie dziewiętnastowiecznego wyposażenia gospodarstwa chłopskiego na Górnym Śląsku jest możliwe w oparciu o wywiady etnograficzne. Jednak ta metoda ma pewne ograniczenia, zwłaszcza w dzisiejszych czasach, gdy coraz trudniej odnaleźć informatorów je pamiętających. Rozwiązaniem tego problemu jest oparcie badań o źródła pisane, zwłaszcza archiwalne. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostały przydatność oraz zawartość dokumentów wytwarzanych w ramach funkcjonowania sądów na ziemi lublinieckiej i pszczyńskiej. Umowy kupna-sprzedaży zawierają informacje o wartości gospodarstwa i przynależnych do niego narzędziach gospodarskich oraz zwierzętach. Testamenty dostarczają wiedzy o rozmieszczeniu budynków w zagrodzie i izb w chałupie oraz wymieniają wartościowe przedmioty przekazywane spadkobiercom. Inwentarze pośmiertne wymieniają wszystkie aktywa i pasywa spadku, w tym w szczegółowy sposób wymieniają wszystkie przedmioty znajdujące się w gospodarstwie chłopskim wraz z ich wartością. Na podstawie tych źródeł można dokonać udanej rekonstrukcji wyposażenia gospodarstwa chłopskiego, co ma szczególne znaczenie, gdy inne źródła zawodzą w tym względzie.

EN

Reproduction of the nineteenth-century farm equipment of an Upper Silesia farmstead is possible due to ethnographic interviews. However, this method has some limitations, especially nowadays, when it is increasingly difficult to find informants remembering these times. The solution to this problem is to focus researches on written sources, especially archival ones. This article discusses the usefulness and content of documents produced by the courts operating in the regions of Lubliniec and Pszczyna. The purchase-sale contracts contain information about the value of the real estate, farm tools and animals belonging to the property. Peasants’ last wills provide us with knowledge about the placement of buildings within a farmyard and rooms in a house as well as list all valuable items passed on to heirs. Meanwhile, posthumous inventories list all assets and liabilities of the inheritance, including the detailed list of all objects belonging to the farmstead along with their value. Archival sources allow for a successful reconstruction of farm equipment, which is of particular importance when other sources fail in this regard.