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tom 01
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nr 1
75-81
PL
Badania zostały przeprowadzone na sztucznych strzykach: stożkowym, walcowym i statystycznym, wykonanych na podstawie pomiarów zoometrycznych strzyków krowich. Określono wpływ podciśnienia i penetracji na wielkość sił wciągania strzyków do komory kubka. Stwierdzono, że siły wciągania Fw w zmodyfikowanych gumach strzykowych są o 3 - 10 N niższe niż w klasycznej gumie Alfa-Laval 96.0000-1.
EN
The experiments were conducted using artificial teats of different shapes: conical, cylindrical and statistically natural, manufactured according to zoometric measurements of cow teats. Effects of vacuum and penetration of rubber teats an the value of force drawing-in the teat into teat cup were investigated. It was found that teat drawing-in forces (Fw) in modified liners were by 3 - 10 N less than in traditional rubber liner of Alfa-Laval 96.0000-1.
PL
W pracy przeanalizowano wymiary krowich strzyków przed i po przeprowadzonym procesie doju mechanicznego w trzech fermach bydła mlecznego w łącznej populacji 253 krów mlecznych. Średnia długość strzyków przednich i tylnych przebadanych krów przed dojem wynosiła 53 i 45 mm oraz odpowiednio 58 i 50 mm po doju, czyli ulegały one wydłużenie o ok. 10%. Średnica strzyków przednich i tylnych nie ulegała istotnym zmianom w trakcie doju oraz przed i po nim - wyniosła odpowiednio 26 i 25 mm.
EN
The study aimed at determination of the cow teats' dimensions before and after machine milking process. Investigations were carried out in three dairy farms on total population of 253 milking cows. Mean length of the fore-teats and hind-teats in tested cows before ma-chine milking achieved 53 and 45 mm, while 58 and 50 mm after milking, respectively; thus, the teats underwent elongation by about 10%. The diameter of fore- and hind-teats did not significantly change during milking, neither before or after milking; its amounted to 26 and 25 mm, respectively.
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nr 10
40-42
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tom 63
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nr 07
786-791
EN
Maintenance of healthy teat skin and teat-ends is a key part of any effective mastitis program. Instruments and measurement techniques used to assess the condition of teat tissue include changes in teat thickness with a modified cutimeter, ultrasonography, sub-cutaneous oxygen tension and pulse oximetry. Simpler methods for quantifying the condition of the teat after milking are optical estimates that rely on changes in the short- or medium- or long-term. Faults in milking machines are the primary cause of short-term changes in color, firmness, thickness or swelling of teats, or the degree of openness of the teat orifice. Medium-term changes in the incidence of petechial haemorrhages or larger haemorrhaging may occur instantly or may take several days before becoming evident. Changes in the teat skin condition are associated with harsh weather or chemical irritation. Long-term changes in teat-end condition after milking are, among other things, hyperkeratosis, where there is stratified dryness and hardness of keratin around the orifice of the teat canal. The application of a scoring system and the further development of digital cameras and related software for scoring is a more objective and convenient way. The TECT (teat end callosity thickness) and TECR (teat end callosity roughness) are complementary parameters, and should both be used. Development of TEC (teat end callosity) is associated with cow factors such as TES (teat end shape), PAR (parity), DIM (lactation stage), and MT (machine-on time). With the aid of research ultrasound repercussions it is possible to observe inflammatory states and mechanical damages of teats in the form of stenosis or atresia external orifice teat canal. The endoscopic technique is suitable for multiple sampling and repeated visualization of the teat and udder cistern of healthy, lactating cows without major complications. The collected biopsy samples could be used in primary epithelial cell culture, histological examination, and PCR analysis. In robot-milked cows significantly lower frequencies of the occurrence of the trait of redness of the teat skin but a significantly higher frequency of the trait dry teat skin were observed than in traditionally milked cows. Cows milked traditionally also showed a higher frequency of extended teat canals in the front teats than rear teats. Milk leakage from teats occurs more often in robotic milking than in cows conventionally milked and housed in a free-stall barn or a tie-stall barn.
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