Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphic units in parts of the South Shetland Islands and Northern Antarctic Peninsula (as used by the Polish Antarctic Programmes)

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Birkenmajer K.

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2001

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tom Vol. 118

5-188

EN

The paper is an annotated illustrated lexicon of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphic units currently in use in the South Shetland Islands and the Northern Antarctic Peninsula (West Antarctica). Formal and informal lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and climatostratigraphic units of various ranks, and some morphologic-volcanic units/forms, are briefly characterized. Preference is given to the areas where detailed geological and palaeontological research was carried out by the Polish Antarctic Expeditions (1977-2001), and by the joint Argentinian-Polish (1987/8) and Brazilian-Polish (1994) programmes.

2

Devonian conodont and ammonoid succession of the eastern Tafilalt (Ouidane Chebbi section), Anti-Atlas, Morocco

100%

Belka Z.

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1999

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tom Vol. 49, no. 1

1-23

EN

Devonian conodonts and ammonoids occurring in association in the Ouidane Chebbi section of the eastern Tafilalt (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) are described and analysed in terms of stratigraphy. The excellently exposed sequence spans the entire Devonian; it includes open-marine carbonates and shales deposited outside the tropical realm. Except for its Middle Devonian part, the Ouidance Chebbi section is not condensed. Although the sequence was only sampled in a preliminary fashion, most of it lithological units have been dated with some precision. The study is an attempt to enhance the precision in the correlation between the Devonian conodont and ammonoid sequences. Graphic correlation method was used for estimating the precise position of the zonal and stage boundaries for the Middle and Upper Devonian intervals. The stratigraphy of the Lower Devonian at Ouidane Chebbi is still poorly defined. The Eifelian/Givetian boundary is well constrained, especially by both conodonts and ammonoids. It occurs within the uppermost part of the Kacak Event-Level, a characteristic shale horizon that beginsin the ensensis Zone and ranges into the hemiansatus Zone. Biostratigraphic indications from conodonts show that the top of the Pharciceras limestone unit is located within the norrisi Zone and the Givetian/Frasnian boundary should be placed within the characteristic black styliolinites level of the Frasne Event. The onset of the Kellwasser facies falls within the Zone 12 (winchelli Zone) of the Frasnian and it extends into the rhomboidea Zone. The combined evidence from ammonoid and trilobite data suggests that the marine deposition persisted at Ouidane Chebbi at least up to the time of the Upper praesulcata Zone.

3

General trends in predation and parasitism upon inoceramids

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Harries P. , Ozanne C.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 4

377-386

EN

Inoceramid bivalves have a prolific evolutionary history spanning much of the Mesozoic, but they dramatically declined 1,5 Myr prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Only the enigmatic genus Tenuipteria survived until the terminal Cretaceous event. A variety of hypotheses have attempted to explain this disappearance. This study investigates the role that predation and parasitism may have played in the inoceramids' demise. Inoceramids show a range of predatory and parasitic features recorded in their shells ranging from extremely rare bore holes to the parasite-induced Hohlkehle. The stratigrahic record of these features suggests that they were virtually absent in inoceramids rior to the Late Turonian and became increasingly abundant through the remainder of the Cretaceous. These results suggest that predation and parasitism may have played a role in the inoceramid extinction, but more rigorous, quantitative data are required to test this hypothesis further.

4

Late Visean/early Namurian conodont succession from the Esla area of the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain

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Belka Z. , Lehmann J.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 1

31-41

EN

Conodont fauna recovered from pelagic nodular limestone sequence exposed near Santa Olaja de la Varga precisely dates the upper part of the Alba Formation in the Esla area of the Cantabrian Mountains. In terms of goniatite stratigraphy, the formation ranges into the early Namurian E2 interval which has been identified by the occurrence of the conodont Gnathodus bollandensis. The investigated conodont fauna includes exclusively deep-water forms and is dominated by species of Gnathodus and Lochriea. The former genus is represented primarily by the bilineatus lineage, in which a new species Gnathodus cantabricus sp. nov. has been recognized and is described herein. Representatives of the another gnathodontid girtyi lineage,generally present in the late Visean/early Namurian deep-water faunas, are extremely rare. The vertical succession of Lohriea species is closely comparable to those recognized in Northern England, Poland andUkraine. The Visean/Namurian boundary is thus placed at the first occurrence of Lochriea cruciformis, 4.7 m below the top of the Alba Formation.

5

The occurrence of four interglacials younger than the Sanian 2 (Elsterian 2) Glaciation in the Pleistocene of Europe

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Lindner L. , Marciniak B.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 3

247-263

EN

Documented examples indicate the occurrence of four interglacials younger than the Sanian 2 (= Elsterian 2, Okanian) Glaciation in the Pleistocene in Europe. These are, from the oldest, the Mazovian (= Holsteinian), Zbójnian (= Reinsdorf), Lubavian (= Schoningen?) and Eemian interglacials. These interglacials are characterised by different vegetation successions, and occasionally marine deposits resulting from the global sea level rise are present in the region surrounding the English Channel, North Sea and Baltic Sea. Paleosol horizons within loess sections in the Ukraine also correspond to these interglacials.

6

Palaeontology and stratigraphy of the inoceramid species from the mid-Turonian through upper Middle Coniacian in Japan

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Noda M. , Matsumoto T.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 4

435-482

EN

Upper Cretaceous strata are well exposed in many areas of Japan, although good exposures through the Turonian/Coniacian boundary are not common. This paper focuses on six areas in Hokkaido, Shikoku and Kyushu and documents the stratigrophical distributions of inoceramid species. These data are used to summarise the stratigraphical ranges of Turonian/Coniacian taxa in Japan. In part 1 of the paper, 17 species are described, with some biometric data and phylogenetic interpretation. These species are: Inoceramus (Inoceramus) hobestensis NAGAO & MATSUMOTO, I. (I.) teshioensis NAGAO & MATSUMOTO, I. (I.) iburiensis NAGAO & MATSUMOTO, I. (I>) tenuistriatus NAGAO & MATSUMOTO, I.(I.) pedalionoides NAGAO & MATSUMOTO, I.(I.) lusatiae ANDERT, I.(I.) uwajimensis YEHARA, I. (Cremnoceramus) rotundatus FIEGE, I. (Cr.) ernsti HEINZ, I. (Cr.) deformis MEEK, I. (Cr.) lueckendorfensis TROGER, I. (Platyceramus) tappuensis nom., nov., I. (Pl.) szaszi NODA & UCHIDA, I. (Volviceramus) koeneni MULLER, Mytiloides incertus (JIMBO), M. mytiloidiformis (TROGER), and M. sublabiatus (MULLER). In part 2, the stratigraphical distribution and correlation of these species are discussed.

7

Geologic Time Scale 2004 – Why, How, and Where Next!

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Gradstein F. , Ogg J.

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tom Vol. 4, no. 1

167-168

EN

This lecture reviews Geologic Time Scale 2004 (Gradstein et al. 2004), constructed and detailed by 40 geoscience specialists, and indicates how it will be further refined. Since Geologic Time Scale 1989 by Harland et al. many developments have taken place: 1. Stratigraphic standardization through the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has greatly refined the international chronostratigraphic scale. In some cases, traditional European-based stages have been replaced with new subdivisions that allow global correlation. 2. New or enhanced methods of extracting high-precision age assignments with more realistic uncertainties from the rock record. These have led to improved age assignments of key geologic stage boundaries and other global correlation horizons. 3. Orbital tuning has greatly refined the Neogene, and improved parts of Palaeogene and Mesozoic. 4. Statistical techniques of compiling integrated global stratigraphic scales within geologic periods. Anticipated advances to the Geologic Time Scale during the next 8 years include: • a geologically realistic Precambrian scale, and stages subdivision of the Ediacaran; • formal definition of all Phanerozoic stage boundaries; • orbital tuning of polarity chrons and biostratigraphic events for entire Cenozoic and Cretaceous; • a detailed database of high-resolution radiometric ages that includes “best practice” procedures, full error analysis, monitor ages and conversion; • resolving age dating controversies (e.g., zircon statistics and possible reworking) across Devonian/Carboniferous, Permian/Triassic, and Anisian/Ladinian boundaries; • improved and standardized dating of several “neglected” intervals (e.g., Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous, and Carboniferous through Triassic); • detailed integrated stratigraphy for Upper Palaeozoic through Lower Mesozoic. The geochronological science community and ICS are focusing on these issues. A modified version of the time scale to accompany the standardization (boundary definitions and stratotypes) of all stages is planned for 2008 (to be presented at the 33th International Geologic Congress in Oslo), with a totally revised version of GTS available in 2012. At the same time ICS is closely working with the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) to standardize stratigraphic nomenclature and the colour scheme for its units.

8

Tournaisian conodonts from the basinal carbonates of the Krzeszowice area, southern Poland

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Appelt J.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 2

135-140

EN

The Lower Carboniferous succession, exposed in the Krzeszowice area of southern Poland, is predominantly composed of shallow-water carbonates. Only one lithological unit of spiculitic limestones was deposited in a basinal environment. The conodont fauna recovered from this unit is indicative of the Gnathodus cuneinformis Zone. Although the unit is lithologically monotonous, the conodonts show an irregular distribution through the section. This distribution was most probably controlled by the influence of the environmental factors and it does not reflect the evolution of the conodont fauna.

9

Upper Bajocian to Callovian (Jurassic) dinoflagellate cysts from central Poland

100%

Poulsen N.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 3

237-245

EN

The Upper Bajocian - Bathonian organic-rich claystone succession and the Lower Callovian sandy, marly and gaize (dispersed biogenic silica) deposits of central-southern Poland yield diverse and wellpreserved dinoflagellate cyst floras dominated by ctenidodinioids, principally Ctenidodinium combazii, Dichadogonyaulax sellwoodii and Korystocysta spp. Atopodinium and Wanaea are also common. The stratigraphical distribution of dinoflagellate cysts within the Upper Bajocian to Lower Callovian has provided a detailed correlation between the Polish area and the North Sea area (chronostratigraphy and diniflagellate cyst zonation). The dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphical events are of correlative value and are consistent with interpretations based on the macrofaunas. The Middle-Late Callovian yielded no dinoflagellate cysts. The British zonation (RIDING & THOMAS 1992, POULSEN & RIDING, in press) is demonstrated to be useful for the Polish sections. Some marker species have differences in their first or last appearances in Poland compared to those reported from England.

10

The preglacial fluvial deposits in the southern part of the Upper Nysa Depression, central Sudetes Mts, southwestern Poland

100%

Sroka W. , Kowalska A.

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1998

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tom Vol. 31, nr 2

157-170

EN

Three fluvial series have been distinguished in the Upper Nysa Depression, Kłodzko Basin, central Sudetes. The oldest, the Červeny Potok series, of probable Late Pliocene age, contains fluvial facies, mainly gravelly but also sandy and silty. It is quartz-rich and characterized by strong chemical decomposition of gneiss clasts. The Lichkov series, of probable Early to early Middle Pleistocene age, contains similar lithofacies to the Červeny Potok series, with locally abundant debris-flow deposits. The Boboszów series, of probable late Middle Pleistocene age, consists of a monotonous series of fluvial gravels. The pebbles in both, the Lichkov and Boboszów series are gneiss-rich and are characterised by a lack of significant chemical clast decomposition. The coarse-grained fluvial sediments of the southern part of the Upper Nysa Depression were mainly deposited in gravel-dominated braided rivers of Donjek and Scott type, and locally on alluvial fans. The material was transported from N or NE to S or SW, with the source area only in the adjacent metamorphic massif, despite the fact that the series lie on Late Cretaceous rocks. The studied area constituted a small intramontane depression subjected to limited subsidence, surrounded by episodically active faults. The variability of sedimentary process reflected climatic changes rather than tectonic activity. The northern part of the studied area, which now belongs to the Baltic Sea drainage area, was drained to the south, either to the North or Black Seas, during the Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene. The capture of this area by the Nysa Kłodzka river took place in the Late Pleistocene as a result of upstream erosion reflecting glacio-isostatic rebound and fault activity after the early Saalian glaciation.

11

On the age of fossil flora from Barton Peninsula, King George Island, West Antarctica

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Tokarski A. K. , Danowski W. , Zastawniak E. , Tokarski A. K. , Danowski W. , Zastawniak E.

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12

Should the Permian/Triassic boundary be defined by the carbon isotope shift?

100%

Hoffman A.

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1998

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tom Vol. 48, no. 2

141-148

EN

The autors propose that definition of the Permian-Triassic boundary by the onset of a pronounced negative shift in the carbon isotopic composition of the oceanic carbonate system (recorded presently also in the Meishan section, China) is worth of very serious consideration. Such a definition would this chronostratigraphic boundary to reflecting an important geological event, thus marking a step toward the definition of chronostratigraphic intervals as meaningful units of geological time. Such a definitionwould permit precise correlation of geographically widely separated geological sections.

13

Age of some deep-water marine Jurassic strata at Mt Hulina, Małe Pieniny Range (Grajcarek Unit, Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland), as based on dinocysts

88%

Birkenmajer K. , Gedl P.

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2007

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tom Vol. 127

51-70

EN

A geological section on Mt Hulina at Szczawnica Niżna, the Małe Pieniny Range, exposes Jurassic through Cretaceous rocks of the Grajcarek Unit, the northernmost tectonic unit of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (West Carpathians, Poland). Dark marine shales of very similar lithology, but with different microfossil assemblages, occur twice in the section, representing the Middle Jurassic (Opaleniec Formation) and the Lower Cretaceous (Wronine Formation) units of the Magura (Grajcarek) Succession, respectively. This paper presents the results of dinocyst investigations from the Opaleniec Formatiom which indicate its Bathonian age, and the Sokolica Radiolarite Formation which point out to their Middle Oxfordian - ?Lower Kimmeridgian age.

14

Loganellia (Thelodonti, Agnatha) from the Lower Silurian of North Greenland

88%

Blom H.

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1999

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tom Vol. 49, no. 2

97-104

EN

Isolated thelodont scales from several Lower Silurian samples from North Greenland are re-described and compared with European forms, to assess their taxonomical, stratigraphical and palaeogeographical significance. Loganellia scotica s. s. (TRAQUAIR, 1898) scales, described from the Lafayette Bugt Formation, are more restricted than commonly supposed, being found only in Scotland and North Greenland. Reassignment of some thelodont scales from L. scotia to L. grossi (FREDHOLM, 1990) suggest a middle Wenlock age for the Kap Morton Formation.

15

Terraces of the Bystrzyca river valley, Middle Sudetes, and their deformation along the Sudetic Marginal Fault

88%

Krzyszkowski D. , Biernat J.

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1998

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tom Vol. 31, nr 2

241-258

EN

There are three stages in the evolution of the Bystrzyca river valley, dated to the Pliocene, the Early to late Middle Pleistocene, and the late Middle Pleistocene to recent. The Pliocene landscape was flat to hilly, with a weakly developed margin of the mountains. The valleys were shallow and wide, most probably with sinuous rivers, and are today represented by the 100-120 m high terrace. The scarp of the Sudetic Marginal Fault and the mountain landscape with deeply incised valleys were not formed until the Early Pleistocene tectonic phase, during which the uplift was about 60-70 m. The late Middle to Late Pleistocene stage of the valley development may be subdivided into several sub-stages, during each of which, one of three morphogenetic factors, namely fluvial activity, glacial erosion and sedimentation and tectonic uplift, prevailed. Five fluvial terraces have been found, one formed before glaciation and the other four during the post-glacial times. The valley was glaciated only once, during the early Saalian (Odranian) stage. The total postglacial uplift was about 40-50 m and fluvial activity that time was influenced by varying uplift rates. At first, erosion prevailed due to strong glacio-isostatic uplift. Then, it diminished quickly and was replaced by more localised tectonic uplift, which decreased with time. As a result, fluvial activity in the mountains and in the foreland became different, as is highlighted by the increased thickness of fluvial deposits in the foremoutain zone, the rapid change of terrace height, formation of a distinct, 25-30 m high, fault scarp along the Sudetic Marginal Fault, and the increased erodibility along the fault lines.

16

Trias północno-wschodniego obrzeżenia Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego

75%

Senkowiczowa H.

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1998

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tom nr 378

5-66

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawionym poniżej omówiono wykształcenie, rozprzestrzenienie i podział stratygraficzny triasu obszaru północno-wschodniego obrzeżenia Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. Materiału do rozważań dostarczyło około 300 otworów wiertniczych. Na podstawie cech litologicznych i zespołów fauny oraz flory wyróżniono osady górnego pstrego piaskowca - retu, wapienia muszlowego, kajpru i "retyku". Na przeważającej części omawianego obszaru powstały epigenetyczne dolomity kruszconośne związane głównie z dolnym wapieniem muszlowym. W utworach triasu stwierdzono istnienie luk erozyjnych powstałych w związku z działalnością fazy labińskiej i faz eokimeryjskich.

EN

The current elaboration presents the lithology, extent and stratigraphic division of the Triassic of the north-eastern margin of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The material for the considerations was collected from the cores of over 302 boreholes. On the basis of the lithologic features and the floral and faunal assemblages one distinguished the sediments of the Upper Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk, Keuper and Rhaetic. Epigenetic ore-bearing dolomites, bound mainly to the Lower Muschelkalk, formed in the prevailing part of the considered area. The presence of the erosion gaps was stated, that appeared within the Triassic beds due to the activities of the Labian phase and Eocimmerian phases.

17

Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of dark Middle Jurassic marine deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians

75%

Gedl P.

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2008

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tom Vol. 131

7-227

EN

Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from thirty four sections of Jurassic dark marine sediments of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland, have been studied. 111 taxa have been found. Succession of Late Toarcian-(Early?) Oxfordian dinoflagellate cyst assemblages was the base for distinguishing of ten dinoflagellate cyst zones: the Nannoceratopsis spp. Zone (Late Toarcian), the Phallocysta elongata Zone (latest Toarcian), the Nannoceratopsis evae Zone (Early- Middle, Late? Aalenian), the Dissiliodinium lichenoides Zone (latest Aalenian), the Dissiliodinium giganteum Zone (Early Bajocian), the Aldorfia aldorfensis Zone (Middle?-Late? Bajocian), the Ctenidodinium combazii Zone (Late Bajocian-Bathonian), the Dichadogonyaulax sellwoodii Zone (Late? Bathonian), the Compositosphaeridium polonicum Zone (Callovian) and the Systematophora areolata Zone (Early? Oxfordian). Distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggests that several lithostratigraphic units are diachronous. The Krempachy Marl Formation, the oldest unit of the Klippen Successions that contains dinoflagellate cysts, is of Upper Toarcian age, except in the Niedzica Succession where it reaches up to the Upper Aalenian. The Skrzypny Shale Formation is of Upper Toarcian to Lower Bajocian age (in the Czorsztyn Succession), of Upper Aalenian age (in the Niedzica Succession), and of uppermost Toarcian age in the Czertezik Succession. The Harcygrund Shale Formation represents uppermost Aalenian to Lower Bajocian, and the Podzamcze Limestone Formation is Lower Bajocian in age. The oldest formation of the Grajcarek Succession is the Szlachtowa Formation (Upper Toarcian- uppermost Bajocian). It is partially coeval with the basal part of the Opaleniec Formation (Lower Bajocian-Upper Bathonian) which, in turn, is coeval with basal part of the Sokolica Radiolarite Formation (uppermost Bajocian-Oxfordian). The latter formation is of the same age in the Branisko Succession. The Krzonowe Formation is most likely of uppermost Toarcian-Aalenian age, whereas the Stembrow Formation represents Upper Bajocian. A possible hiatus during Aalenian in the Grajcarek Succession is suggested.

18

Stratigraphie und Struktur der Uferund Abfallzone des steinzeitlichen Seeuferfundplatzes Dąbki 9, Westpommern

75%

Kotula A.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2012

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tom 64

63-75

XX

The Stone Age site of Dąbki 9, Pomerania, has provided rich find material with excellent preservation conditions from the waste layers of a lake shore settlement site. The data from the excavations has been stored in a GIS-database to examine spatial relationships. Vertical and horizontal projections of the find material provide insights into the structure of the site. It becomes clear that parts of the former shore zone have been disturbed and can’t provide a reliable stratigraphy. On the contrary, other parts exhibit a better stratigraphical resolution. The examination of horizontal artifact distribution provides information about human impact and other taphonomic processes in the area. These influences on the formation of the archaeological record are briefly discussed.

19

Tethyan radiolarians at the Cenomanian-Turonian Anoxic Event from the Apennines (Umbria-Marche) and the Outer Carpathians: palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental implications

75%

Bąk M.

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2011

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tom Vol. 134

5-279

EN

The radiolarian fauna from deep-water settings in the Umbria- Marche and the Outer Carpathian basins of the Western Tethys is used for biostratigraphic purpose and interpretation of environmental changes during the late Cenomanian through the Early Turonian time interval. The frequency of 184 recognized species, thirteen of them newly described, has been processed and analyzed. Three radiolarian biozones and one subzone are distinguished based on radiolarian datum events, correlated with the chronostratigraphic scale through the δ13C curve. The whole radiolarian set has been subdivided into six super groups, including 25 groups related to specific water masses. The assembled species represented various feeding preferences and ecological strategies. An increase of radiolarian total number in the sediments related to the Bonarelli Level (BL) displays a positive correlation with an increase of phosphorus (P) content, and with a significant decrease in radiolarian diversity. Most of radiolarian species avoided levels with high P content, in contrast, some species as H. barbui and C. conara increased significantly in number of specimens. Diversified radiolarian assemblages appeared at levels, directly preceded by a notable P increase, marking a period when the water system was saturated in relation to nitrogen. The radiolarian abundance in the sediments was strongly related to their preservation during sinking in the water column and at the water/sediment interface, increasing significantly at levels, marked by high pellet production. Thus, pelletization played an important role in the transport of radiolarian skeletons and their further preservation, irrespective to conditions of radiolarians growth. Radiolarians experienced and responded to environmental changes during the 1.8 Ma around the Bonarelli Interval (BI). The Cenomanian-Turonian press extinction event – a period of unquestionable eutrophication represented by the BI, did not result in great radiolarian extinction and turnovers. The radiolarian radiation preceded the BI by over 330 ka. The extinction, directly connected with the OAE2 started ca. 240 ka before the end of the organic-rich sedimentation, coinciding with the onset of enhanced diatom frustules deposition, recorded in the siliceous part of the BI. Since this period, a step-wise radiolarian extinction continued through the Early Turonian. Many of the radiolarian species previously considered as terminating during the BI, in fact outlived up to "post-Bonarelli" times, having their last occurrence after the BI or even in the Early Turonian. In the case of the radiolarian fauna, the Bonarelli period caused the disappearance of many Lazarus taxa, which returned in almost their initial state during 940 ka after the BI. The current radiolarian study sheds light on the biological effects of anoxic events, indicating the role of the mesopelagic zone and oceanic circulation in nutrient exchange, which modulates and controls the OAE2. The mesopelagic zone played an important role in P sequestration and was responsible for the release of the most of P, leading to enhanced eutrophication of water column.

20

Wstępne wyniki badań środkowopaleolitycznych stanowisk lessowych Podola

75%

Sytnik A. , Bogucki A. , Wołoszyn P. , Madeyska T.

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1998

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tom Vol. 113

121-136

PL

Na podstawie następstwa interglacjalnych i interstadialnych gleb kopalnych w profi- lach 5 lessowych stanowisk Podola określono pozycję stratygraficzną środkowopaleolitycznych warstw kulturowych. Stwierdzono, że zespoły późnoaszelskie pojawiły się w czasie pierwszych interstadiałów przedostatniego zlodowacenia, a kultury mustierskie rozwijały się od interglacjału eemskiego - po wczesne interstadiały vistulianu. Prześledzono zmiany techniki lewaluaskiej, której ślady są obecne we wszystkich zespołach środkowopaleolitycznych Podola i stwierdzono, że może ona być wskaźnikiem wieku tych zespołów.

EN

During the last 2 decades, some 40 Middle Palaeolithic sites were discovered in Podole. Archaeological and geological investigations were carried out in sites: Proniatyn, Hluboczek Wielki I, Igrowica I, Bugłow V and Jezupol (Fig. 1). All of them are situated in loess profiles containing fossil soils and cryogenic horizons (Fig. 2). According to Bogucki (1986, 1987; Bogucki et al., 1994), several stratigraphic horizons can be distinguished in the loess profiles of Podole (numbering after Bogucki, letter symbols after Maruszczak, 1994): (1) Recent soil (A1 and B horizon, 0.5-2.0 m thick) (2) upper part of Upper Pleistocene loess (0.3-3.0 m thick), it corresponds to LMg: upper younger loess (3) Dubno fossil soil (4) lower part of Upper Pleistocene loess (0.5-2.0 m) - LMd: lower younger loess (5) Horokhov fossil pedocomplex (0.5-1.5 m) - soil complex GJ1 (6) upper part of Middle Pleistocene loess (0.3-3.0 m) - LSg: upper older loess (7) Korshov fossil pedocomplex (0.4-1.0 m) - soil complex GJ2 (8) lower part of Middle Pleistocene loess - LSs: middle older loess. The Mousterian culture layers are connected mainly with the lower part of the Upper Pleistocene loess (4) and with the Horokhov pedocomplex (5). The stratigraphy is complicated there due to the presence of bipartite criogenic deformation, with ice wedges formation followed up by solifluction. The majority of Mousterian materials (Fig. 3) can be correlated with the development of the upper, steppe part of the Horokhov pedocomplex, traceable to the early Vistulian interstadials. Only the Jezupol site can be dated to the Eemian. Late Acheulian-type materials (Fig. 4) were found in the upper part of the Korshov pedocomplex (Bugłow I and older layer in Hluboczek Wielki) correlated with early interstadials of the penultimate glaciation. The evolution of Levaloisian technique is observed, beginning from so called “protolevaloisian” technique in Acheulian materials, through radial one to parallel in the Mousterian. It means, that important local tradition of Levaloisian technique development is documented in Podole. This illustrates how archaeological materials can be used for dating fossil soils of unknown geological age. On the basis of these preliminary research, it is suggested that cool continental climatic conditions during the beginning of the Vistulian in Podole were suitable for the development of steppe, providing rich pastures for animals being a prey to Palaeolithic hunters. Such conditions promoted the development of Palaeolithic human settlements. Further geological and palaeopedological studies of these archaeological sites are planned for the nearest future in order to attain detailed picture of human settlement history on the background of Pleistocene stratigraphy and palaeogeography.