Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Testing internal mechanical stresses in flash-butt welded rail joints

100%

Mikłaszewicz I. , Siwiec J.

Problemy Kolejnictwa

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2019

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tom Z. 185

111--117

EN

The paper presents the results of internal stress tests in rails and flash-butt welded rail joints. Stress patterns were tested in rail joints just after flash-butt welding, as well as after fatigue tests. Stress tests were performed using the destructive strain gauges based test method. Stresses emerging in rails and in rail joints were compared for the steel grades R260 and R350HT. Stress measurements were performed in accordance with the requirements of PN EN 13674 1:2011+A1:2017.

2

Experimental analysis of external fixators for femoral bone elongation

100%

Będziński R. , Filipiak J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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1999

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tom Vol. 1, nr 2

91-105

EN

The purposes of this study were to analyse the stability of the system formed by the Ilizarov fixator and the thigh being elongated. The research was conducted under laboratory (tests on physical models) and clinical (tests on real objects) conditions during the process of the elongation of the femur bone. The aim of the laboratory investigation was to determine the displacement of the bone fragments as a function of the external load and construction of the fixator. The aim of the clinical study on real objects was to determine the state of the load acting on the particular supported rods of the fixator and its changes during elongation of the lower limb in the thigh section. The investigations have demonstrated that the stability of system: the Ilizarov fixator-the thigh being elongated is a function of the mechanical properties of the adapted fixator structure and the forces acting on this system. Optimal spatial configuration of the fixator must be selected for the particular course of treatment.

3

Strain gauge pin based force measurement

100%

Skorupka Z. , Sobieszek A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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tom Vol. 25, No. 2

335--340

EN

In this article authors present force measurement method based on strain gauge measuring system installed inside pin, which is a part of light helicopter Main Landing Gear Shock Absorber. Strain gauges in full bridge configuration were installed inside the mounting pin (upper one – fuselage side). Placement and type of strain gauges were selected during the preliminary tests, which verified the validity and conditions of the force measurement. Preliminary tests allowed verification and selection of an optimal measurement system by testing two types of them. The impact on force according to the angle of force vector direction was also verified. Preliminary tests of the strain gauges equipped pin were performed using quasistatic tests stand – 40 T hydraulic press for applying force acting on shock absorber and pin. Whole measuring system is planned to be used in real time analysis of shock absorber force acting on fuselage mounting node. The strain gauges allows measurement of force in any place of the structure, the article presents the advantages of the system located inside pin. Additionally, the installation technologies of strain gauges in hard-to-reach places are presented. The article is summed up with an analysis of the problems, which arise during the installation and measurement process using strain gauges installed in such a specific place.

4

Strain gauge measuring plate for dynamic tests

100%

Sobieszek A. , Skorupka Z.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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tom Vol. 25, No. 4

399--404

EN

In dynamic tests, especially landing gears, it is necessary to measure and record load levels. In this article, authors present measurement methods used in the landing gear tests on the 10-Ton Drop Test Machine, which is capable of simulating conditions similar to real landing in landing energy dissipation tests. Possible test objects include dampers, shock absorbers, and crash structures and devices. In described case load measurement can be done by several methods where one of them is strain-gauge plate based load measurement. This type of measurement is weighting system under the test object where all forces acting on it are measured. Strain gauge plate is usually tailormade measurement system, which is composed out of mechanical device (plate itself) equipped with strain gauge force sensors, strain gauge amplification system and recording system. In addition, differences between static and dynamic measurements are described as well as influence of dynamic test conditions on strain gauges behaviour. In the article, authors describe general layout of the system, advantages and disadvantages of the test stand and problems that may appear during measuring. Authors also emphasize how the accuracy of the design affects to the quality of measurement. At the end of the article, advantages and disadvantages of the test stand and problems that may appear during measuring are described.

5

The calibration process and metrological analysis of a transducer used to measure two physical quantities

88%

Idźkowski A. , Gołębiowski J. , Walendziuk W.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2017

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tom Vol. 11, no. 2

135--142

EN

This article presents a way of calibration of an unconventional two-current circuit, named 2J+2R, which consists of two current sources and two referential resistors connected to the circuit mass. This bridge was used to measure the beam deflection and the temperature increase simultaneously with the use of a pair of metal strain gauges. This paper contains theoretical and corrected (after calibration) processing characteristics of the measurement circuit. Calibration coefficients of both inputs, responsible for measurement of the measured values in the places where the strain gauges are attached, were calculated. Moreover, the standard combined and expanded uncertainties of both calibration coefficients were calculated and an uncertainty budget was made.

6

Strength analysis of the magnesium alloy control system lever of the ILX-27 unmanned helicopter

88%

Wojtas M. , Sobieszek A. , Żurawski R.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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tom Vol. 24, No. 2

293--300

EN

The article presents the potential use of magnesium alloys in the aerospace industry. In this project the static strength analysis of magnesium alloy AZ31 of the control – system lever of the ILX-27 unmanned helicopter was carried out. Control-system levers are located between the swash plate and an actuator. The aim of the tests was to confirm the strength properties of the magnesium alloy control-system lever for their implementation on the ILX-27 unmanned helicopter. Strain gauge sensor was used during the tests. Strain gauges installation on easily corrodes surface requires special method. The laboratory tests were proceeded by the lever static strength calculations in the computing environment ANSYS Inc. Additionally, a geometry measurement of the control-system lever at CMM equipped with a laser scanner head was made to compare with the lever CAD model to assess the quality and method of conformance. Unmanned helicopter ILX-27 is being developed through the introduction new materials and technologies. Tests of control system lever have shown if it is possible to use lighter materials than aluminum alloy to provide sufficient strength properties while reducing the mass of the object. Analysis of the available materials used in aerospace engineering allowed selecting the best of magnesium alloy.

7

Health monitoring in landing gears

88%

Skorupka Z. , Tywoniuk A.

Journal of KONES

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2019

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tom Vol. 26, No. 1

167--174

EN

Every mechanical construction loses its properties in time due to the usage wear that leads to malfunctions and, in the end, to failure. Widely used method of failure time prediction base on extended laboratory tests where a device is tested against fatigue and wear. This method is well established but is expensive, time-consuming, and costly. Another way of failure prediction is to calculate it using advanced algorithms what is faster and cheaper but less accurate than actual tests. Furthermore, both methods are not optimal due to the principle of operation based on simplified assumptions. In such cases, it is common to make the lifespan of the safety wise devices for example landing gears much less than real in case of fatal failure not covered by the predictions. This can lead to much higher price and maintenance costs of the landing gear. Nowadays the worldwide trend is to monitor the behaviour of the devices in real time and predict failure using actual state. There are several methods of health monitoring, most of them including sensors, acquisition systems and computer software for analysis. In this article, authors describe possible landing gears health monitoring methods based on authors’ laboratory experience in sensor appliance and test data analysis. The authors also present their idea of adding health monitoring to existing landing gears where no dedicated infrastructure was initially designed.

8

Load-bearing evaluation of spinal posterior column by measuring surface strain from lumbar pedicles. An in vitro study

88%

Sun P. , Zhao W. , Bi Z. , Wu C. , Ouyang J.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2012

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tom Vol. 14, no. 1

45-49

EN

An understanding of the load transfer within spinal posterior column of lumbar spine is necessary to determine the influence of mechanical factors on potential mechanisms of the motion-sparing implant such as artificial intervertebral disc and the dynamic spine stabilization systems. In this study, a new method has been developed for evaluating the load bearing of spinal posterior column by the surface strain of spinal pedicle response to the loading of spinal segment. Six cadaveric lumbar spine segments were biomechanically evaluated between levels L1 and L5 in intact condition and the strain gauges were pasted to an inferior surface of L2 pedicles. Multidirectional flexibility testing used the Panjabi testing protocol; pure moments for the intact condition with overall spinal motion and unconstrained intact moments of +-8 Nm were used for flexion-extension and lateral bending testing. High correlation coefficient (0.967-0.998) indicated a good agreement between the load of spinal segment and the surface strain of pedicle in all loading directions. Principal compressive strain could be observed in flexion direction and tensile strain in extension direction, respectively. In conclusion, the new method seems to be effective for evaluating posterior spinal column loads using pedicles' surface strain data collected during biomechanical testing of spine segments.

9

Determination of Coal Cutting Forces Using the Cutting Head of POU-BW/01-WAP Device

88%

Biały W. , Fries J. , Galecki G.

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 4, Iss. 1

281--289

EN

The paper presents a method for measuring and recording the forces involved in the coal cutting process. Moreover, a method for visualization of all forces involved in the cutting process was described. In the following part, the construction and principle of operation of a device for determination of forces involved in the cutting process (coal mining), referred to by the author as POU-BW/01-WAP, are presented. Resistance extensometry was used to measure the forces. This is the only device in the world that determines two of three force components that take part in the cutting process. For this purpose, two independent measuring blocks were used, which are strain gauges of force: cutting (Fs) and knife pressure (Fd). In order to register these forces, a real mining knife used in longwall shearer drums was applied – i.e. tangential-rotary. The equipment has the ATEX certificate allowing for operation in real conditions as a device intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres – in accordance with the directive 94/9/EC. It has received many awards at world fairs for inventions and innovative solutions.

10

Badania wstępne napięcia taśm przenośników z użyciem prototypowego urządzenia pomiarowego

75%

Ryba T.

Mechanik

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2021

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tom R. 94, nr 1

20-22

EN

Results of initial test of the rubber belts tension of conveyors using with a prototype measuring device are presented. The innovative measuring system consists of two independent tension sensors placed on a passive shaft working in real time. Correct interpretation of the initial data suggests ability to perform real-time diagnostics of the rubber belts condition.

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań wstępnych napięcia taśmy przenośnika przeprowadzonych na prototypowym urządzeniu pomiarowym. Nowatorski układ badawczy opiera się na dwóch czujnikach tensometrycznych umieszczonych bezpośrednio na wałku biernym przenośnika. Badanie napięcia odbywało się w czasie rzeczywistym. Wstępne wyniki sugerują, że odpowiednia interpretacja danych pozwala zdiagnozować stan taśmy przenośnika.

11

Experimental and numerical approach to chosen types of mandibular fractures cured by means of miniplate osteosynthesis

75%

Kromka M. , Milewski G.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2007

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tom Vol. 9, nr 2

49-54

EN

The paper presents experimental and numerical analyses of two cases of mandibular corpus fractures cured by means of miniplate implantation. In the laboratory tests, strain gauges and electronic speckle pattern interferometry methods were used, while in the numerical simulations finite element analyses were applied. The aim of such a combined approach was to verify a correctness of the numerical model applied with regard to the assumptions and simplifications which had been done when creating FEM for human mandible: healthy, broken and stabilized with miniplate implants.

12

Rozwiązania funkcjonalne dynamicznych pomiarów masy stosowane przy wyznaczaniu masy pojazdów w ruchu (systemy WIM). Część I - tensometryczne płyty ważące

75%

Ossowski R. L. , Kurkowski Ł.

Metrologia i Probiernictwo : biuletyn Głównego Urzędu Miar

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2015

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tom nr 3 (10)

22--26

PL

W artykule omówiono zasadę działania, sposób montażu oraz obecne możliwości pomiarowe jednego z rozwiązań funkcjonalnych - tensometrycznych płyt ważących - stosowanego obecnie w systemach preselekcyjnego ważenia pojazdów w ruchu m.in. na autostradzie A2. Wskazano również, jakie działania, zdaniem Głównego Urzędu Miar, należałoby podjąć, aby systemy wyznaczające masę pojazdów w ruchu, oparte na tensometrycznych płytach ważących, mogły być w przyszłości wykorzystane do celów administracyjnych.

EN

The article discusses the principle of operation, mounting and the current measurement capabilities of one of the functional solutions - the bending plates - applied currently in the pre-selection WIM systems on the example of the solution installed on the A2 motorway. Also indicated what activities, in the opinion of the Central Office of Measures should be taken to be able to use the WIM systems based on the bending plates for administrative purposes in the future.

13

Three point bending of hand laminated fiber composites

75%

Łagoda K. , Osiecki T. , Kurek A. , Lewandowski T.

Composites Theory and Practice

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2018

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tom R. 18, nr 2

82--87

EN

The article describes the course and results of research on a composite laminate. Specimens were made from glassreinforced epoxy resin using the hand lamination technique with the fibres arranged unidirectionally along the specimen. The dimensions were selected on the basis of DIN EN ISO 14125. Strain gauges were placed on the surface of every specimen, then testing was conducted - three point bending. The specimen was placed so that the strain gauge was at the stretched side during bending in order to measure the strain. The stress was also calculated analytically, based on the process parameters. As a result, the theoretical stresses were compared with the experimental ones.

PL

Opisano przebieg i wyniki badań laminatu kompozytowego. Materiałem, z którego wykonano próbki, była żywica epoksydowa wzmocniona włóknem szklanym. Próbki do badań zostały przygotowane w technologii laminowania ręcznego. Włókna ułożone były jednokierunkowo, wzdłuż próbki. Wymiary zostały dobrane na podstawie normy DIN EN ISO 14125. Na powierzchni próbki umieszczono tensometry. Następnie przeprowadzono badania - zginanie trójpunktowe. Próbkę umieszczono tak, aby tensometr był od strony rozciągania podczas zginania, dzięki czemu mierzone było odkształcenie. Naprężenia były obliczane również w sposób analityczny, na podstawie parametrów procesu. W wyniku uzyskano porównanie naprężeń teoretycznych z doświadczalnymi.

14

Zastosowanie mostka dwuprądowego do jednoczesnego pomiaru odkształcenia mechanicznego i temperatury

75%

Warsza Z. , Idźkowski A. , Makal J.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2007

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tom R. 53, nr 9 bis

470--473

PL

Opisano czterozaciskowy (4T) układ mostka rezystancyjnego zasilanego niekonwencjonalnie z dwóch źródeł prądowych i o dwu wyjściach z obu jego przekątnych, nazwany mostkiem dwuprądowym (2J). Podano napięcia wyjściowe niezrównoważonego mostka jako funkcje rezystancji jego gałęzi lub ich przyrostów od równowagi mostka w wartościach względnych. Przedstawiono przykład realizacji dwuparametrowego (2D) przetwornika do równoczesnego pomiaru odkształcenia i temperatury wykorzystującego ten mostek i omówiono wybrane wyniki pomiarów eksperymentalnej jego weryfikacji.

EN

A four-terminal (4T) bridge circuit unconventionally supplied by two current sources connected in parallel to opposite arms, named double current bridge (2J) is presented. It has two different outputs from both diagonals. The output voltages described as functions of arm resistances or their increments from bridge balance in relative units are given. Example of its application is proposed. Signals conditioning formulas of the two-parameter (2D) measurement - of strain and temperature are discussed in details. Some results of experimental verification of instrumetation circuit, designed for this bridge are shortly presented.

15

Przegląd metod badania napięcia taśm gumowych w przenośnikach taśmowych wykorzystywanych w transporcie bliskim

75%

Ryba T.

Mechanik

|

2019

|

tom R. 92, nr 3

210--212

PL

Dokonano przeglądu dostępnych rozwiązań oraz przedstawiono propozycję układu badawczego do analizy – w czasie rzeczywistym – napięcia gumowej taśmy pracującej na przenośniku. Dzięki zastosowaniu czujników tensometrycznych w aparaturze badawczej możliwe jest uzyskanie danych, których interpretacja pozwoli na zdiagnozowanie stanu taśmy i przystosowanie procesu pracy przenośnika do wymogów Przemysłu 4.0.

EN

The review of existing solution and the proposal of the test equipment for belts tension detection on the conveyor in the real time is presented. Application of strain gauges made it possible to obtain the data, which would enable to make proper work condition diagnosis and to adapt the process to requirements of the Industry 4.0.

16

Ring-shaped strain gauges and their application

75%

Kanciruk A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2015

|

tom R. 91, nr 8

190--193

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zaprojektowany i skonstruowany tensometr pierścieniowy. Jest on przeznaczony do pomiaru odkształceń poprzecznych betonowych kolumn wsporczych, w celu monitorowania ich stanu. Elektryczne uzwojenie oporowe tensometru jest starannie zahermetyzowane, przez co może on być zalewany płynną mieszanką betonową i użytkowany w środowisku wilgotnym. W artykule umieszczono również wyniki przykładowego zastosowania tensometru pierścieniowego w warunkach laboratoryjnych.

EN

This paper provides a description of a designed and constructed ring-shaped strain gauge. Such a gauge, intended for measuring transverse strain of a concrete supporting column, can be used for monitoring the state of the latter. The electric resistance element of the gauge is thoroughly sealed in a watertight manner, thereby making it possible to flood it with poured concrete and then use in a humid environment. The paper also discusses the effects of an exemplary application of ring-shaped strain gauges under laboratory conditions.

17

Błędy przy oszacowywaniu odkształceń konstrukcji nośnych rozetami tensometrycznymi

75%

Dudek D. , Dudek K.

Inżynieria Maszyn

|

1998

|

tom R. 3, z. 4

67-75

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano oszacowania niepewności pomiarów tensometrycznymi rozetami trój czujnikowymi. Wykazano dlaczego rozety prostokątne bywają mniej wiarygodne od rozet typu "delta". Przedstawiono zalety skonstruowanych przez autorów rozet czteroczujnikowych. Rozeta czteroczujnikowa używana jest do szacowania naprężeń własnych w konstrukcji metodą otworu wierconego. Dla konstrukcji wielkogabarytowych możliwe jest oszacowanie obciążeń statycznych z dokładnością wystarczającą dla zastosowań inżynierskich.

EN

In the paper the estimation of uncertainty of strain gauge measurements by threegauge rosette is presented. It is stated why the rectangular rosettes are less reliable than the "delta" rosettes. The advantages of the rosette designed by the authors are shown. The fourgauge rosette is used for estimation of residual stress of the structure by the hole-drilling method. In very large structures, it is possible to estimate static load with good certainty for engineering uses.

18

Dynamometr do zastosowań w badaniach postępu procesu rehabilitacji

75%

Kozyra A. , Bednarski M.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2008

|

tom Vol. 49, nr 6

255-256

PL

W pracy opisano budowę dynamometru przeznaczonego do badań postępu procesu rehabilitacji. Dynamometr, dzięki radiowej transmisji danych pomiarowych do komputera, umożliwia rejestrację przebiegu ćwiczeń i wykonywanie analizy przebiegu rehabilitacji. Budowę dynamometru oparto na nowoczesnym mikrokontrolerze jednoukładowym ADuC845. Opracowano program w środowisku LabVIEW, który umożliwia analizę rejestrowanych danych.

EN

The construction of the push-pull dynamometer dedicated for the investigation of the rehabilitation process is described in the paper. The application of the wireless data transmission between the dynamometer and computer allows users to record and make analysis of rehabilitation process. The dynamometer circuit is based on the ADuC845 microconverter. Application in LabVIEW was carried out for analysis of data from dynamometer.

19

Badanie naprężeń wewnętrznych w połączeniach szyn kolejowych

75%

Mikłaszewicz I. , Siwiec J.

Problemy Kolejnictwa

|

2017

|

tom Z. 177

45--50

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań naprężeń wewnętrznych w szynach oraz połączeniach szyn kolejowych, wykonanych metodą zgrzewania oraz spawania termitowego. W badaniach naprężeń zastosowano metodę niszczącą tensometryczną. Porównano zależności naprężeń w szynach oraz złączach szynowych wykonanych z gatunku R260 oraz gatunku R350HT. Metodę pomiaru naprężeń oparto na wymaganiach zawartych w normie PN EN 13674-1:2011.

EN

The paper presents the results of internal stress tests in rails and rail joints, carried out applying the welding method and the termite welding. Stress tests were used as destroy strain gauges tests. The stress ratios in rails and rail joints made of R260 and R350HT were compared. The stress measurement method is based on the requirements of PN-EN 13674-1+A1:2017 standards.

20

Tensometryczna metoda pomiaru naprężeń w modelu laboratoryjnym do badania podzespołów i zespołów niezbędnych do innowacyjnej konstrukcji wagonów towarowych

63%

Wróbel A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

|

2011

|

tom Nr 1

286-293

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę i sposób pomiarów tensometrycznych w modelu laboratoryjnym ściany wagonu kolejowego. Artykuł ten jest pierwszym etapem działań prowadzonych w celu potwierdzenia możliwości zastosowania materiałów kompozytowych jako materiałów do budowy zespołów i podzespołów wagonów towarowych. Przedmiotem badań jest ściana wagonu towarowego. W ramach przyszłych badań proponuje się zastąpienie wybranych elementów materiałami kompozytowymi, między innymi: włóknami szklanymi i węglowymi. Takie działanie prowadzić moSe do zmniejszenia masy pojedynczego wagonu, czego następstwem jest redukcja masy całego składu kolejowego. Prezentowane wyniki są częścią działań prowadzonych w Instytucie Automatyzacji Procesów Technologicznych i Zintegrowanych Systemów Wytwarzania Politechniki Śląskiej w ramach projektu badawczo rozwojowego o numerze rejestracyjnym PBR-8/RMT-2/2009.

EN

This article presents the method and way of measuring strain gauge in a laboratory model of a wall of a railway wagon. The article is the first step in the research leading to confirming the possibility of using composite materials as construction materials of assemblies and subassemblies of wagons. The subject of the research is a wall of a wagon made of standard materials. As part of future research, replacing selected elements with composite materials such as glass fibres, carbon fibres and others is proposed. Such action can lead to lowering the weight of a single wagon, resulting in reducing the weight of the whole set of wagons. The results presented are part of the research conducted at the Institute of Process Technology and Integrated Manufacturing Systems of Silesian University within the research and development project with registration number PBR-8/RMT-2/2009.