Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Investigations of the vibration effect in a measurement system for air flow phenomena in large pipelines

100%

Kabaciński M. , Pawliczek R.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2016

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tom Vol. 62, No. 3

96--99

EN

A measuring system for investigation of the air flow phenomena in large tubes is presented in this paper. The main goal is to measure and analyze the vibration effect of a sensing element used for air velocity and air stream measurement. It was observed that some vibrations occurred and involved damage effect in the flow sensor. The measuring system is based on the strain gauge technology with the use of a virtual instrument in the laboratory equipment. The presented system allows measuring, identifying and analyzing vibrations of the sensor in time and frequency domains. It was created as a virtual instrument, very easy to implement into the entire control system of the stand. It was found that the load of the sensing element was asymmetric and the mean load value, compared to variable loads, arose from disturbances of the air flow around the sensor. It was observed for the examined velocities of the air stream in the range up to 35 m/s.

2

Application of Strain Gauges in Measurements of Strain Distribution in Complex Objects

100%

Tutak P.

Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods

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2014

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tom Vol. 6 No. 2

135--145

EN

This article presents an application of strain gauges in measurements of strain which occurs in charge air cooler during the thermal cycle test. The work shows the main idea of measuring system based on strain gauges and important aspects that should be considered when performing measurement. In this article there has been also presented construction and principle operation of a strain gauge measurement system.

3

Vlijanie nesimmetrichnosti raspolozhenija nakladok v stykie S21Rn iz armatury klassa A500C pri issledovanii malociklovojj ustalosti

100%

Mennanov E. , Shevchenko N. , Kramarenko D.

Motrol. Motoryzacja i Energetyka Rolnictwa

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2014

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tom 16

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nr 5

4

Integrated strain gauge printing in a CFRP structure

100%

Misch S. , Welzel F. , Möhring H.-C.

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2019

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tom Vol. 19, No. 3

74--81

EN

Our approach is to integrate printed strain gauges into a structure of laminated carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP). This can provide minimizing disturbances caused by an additional sensor weight. Another point is to reduce the occurrence of pre-damage, as a printed structure is integrated directly into the CFRP. Due to the printing, no additional masses are applied to the CFRP by cables. To this end, the boundary conditions for the print are first explained. Subsequently, the strain gages were printed. For this purpose, studies were carried out regarding the orientation of the strain gage printing direction, the influence of repeated printing, the overlapping during printing and the subsequent lamination in CFRP plates. The sensors are to be used in the structure of the CFRP plate in a machine tool.

5

Displacements of shell in soil-steel bridge subjected to moving load: determination using strain gauge measurements and numerical simulation

100%

Machelski C. , Sobótka M. , Grosel S.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

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tom Vol. 44, nr 1

26--37

EN

This paper analyses displacements of a shell in a soil-steel bridge subjected to quasi-static moving loads. The considerations relate to a large span structure located in Ostróda, Poland. In particular, shell displacements during a loading cycle consisting of consecutive passages of a pair of trucks over the bridge are investigated. The results of a full-scale test, that is, the readings from a system of strain gauges arranged along the shell circumferential section, are the basis for determination of shell displacements. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to calculate any component of the displacement using just a simple model of the shell in the form of a linear elastic curvilinear beam. The approach uses real measurements, and thus, it yields results of displacements reflecting the actual mechanical behaviour of the entire composite structure including not only the shell, but also the backfill, the pavement, etc. The calculated state of displacement sets the basis for calibration of the numerical model. Finite element (FE) analyses include staged construction, that is, backfilling the shell by placing successive soil layers, as well as the loading test with the vehicles moving over the bridge. It is demonstrated that the ballasting of the shell during backfilling contributes to the improvement of the simulated behaviour of the object at the stage of operation, that is, when subjected to moving truck load. Thus, the calibration of the FE model is successfully carried out using the results of strain gauge measurements.

6

Możliwości wykorzystania interferometrii siatkowej oraz metody tensometrycznej w pomiarach odkształceń magnetostrykcyjnych

100%

Kuczyński K. , Sałbut L. , Bieńkowski A. , Dymny G.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2007

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tom R. 83, nr 1

77-81

PL

Odkształcenie magnetostrykcyjne magnetyka jest to względna zmiana wymiarów liniowych materiału w procesie jego magnesowania. Badania własności magnetostrykcyjnych magnetyków mają istotne znaczenie ze względu na zastosowanie tych materiałów w urządzeniach cywilnych i wojskowych, takich jak sonary, tłumiki drgań, mikro-napędy oraz przetworniki pomiarowe.

EN

Magnetostrictive effect consist in changes of the dimensions of the material during the process of magnetization of soft magnetic material. Such soft magnetic materials are used in civil and military mechatronic devices, devices for vibration control, actuators and sensor applications.

7

Advanced Magnetic Materials for Aeronautics

100%

Šmelko M. , Praslička D. , Blažek J.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2013

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tom Iss. 5

60--65

EN

In the field of magnetic sensors, magnetic microwires with positive magnetostriction are the materials of the future. Their mechanical and magnetic properties render them ideal materials for applications in aeronautics. A single microwire with a 40 μm diameter and a length of 10 mm is capable of capturing information about tensile stresses, magnetic fields, temperature and distance. This information is carried by a parameter called the Switching Field, HSW, which is specific for different types of microwire. Numerous physical qualities affect the HSW and through sensing of HSW, these qualities may be quantified. (A number of physical qualities affecting HSW can be sensed and quantified by means of a contactless induction method.) What distinguishes the system developed by the present authors from other measuring systems based on magnetic microwires is the positioning of a microwire outside the coil system. Thanks to this improvement it is possible to use microwires embedded directly in the construction material. Small dimensions microwires do not damage the structure of the construction material. The absence of a galvanic connection makes this technology even more interesting compared with traditional forge gauges. Offering the possibility of the simultaneous measuring of four parameters, this technology can be used in a wide range of aviation applications. Measurements of an external magnetic field can be used for the navigation and stabilization of an aerial vehicle. Tensile stress and distance measuring can be helpful to understand some processes occurring under the surface of the construction material and also to perform fatigue monitoring or structure load monitoring. Another big advantage of magnetic microwires is the low price. Just 1 gram of base material is sufficient to prepare about 40 km of microwire. All these features combine to offer us a material ideal for Smart Sensors, possibly available for use in the near future.

8

Contact interactions between soil and a corrugated metal sheet in soil-shell structures under construction

88%

Machelski C.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

|

2022

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tom Vol. 44, nr 1

1--12

EN

During the construction of soil-shell objects, large deformations of the shell, which is made of corrugated metal sheet, occur. This enables geodetic techniques to be used when monitoring such objects. On this basis, displacements of selected points of the shell are determined, and it is then possible to obtain bending moments, as shown in this paper. Based on measurements using strain gauges in the circumferential band of the shell, internal forces in steel are estimated. The algorithm given in the paper enables the impact of soil on the shell in the examined objects to be analysed. The proposed method of analysing forces in the contact layer becomes especially useful when the static conditions of the model of a shell, which is considered as a bar submerged unilaterally in the soil medium, are met. The paper indicates the possibility of using both measuring techniques. Calculations include a smaller share of axial forces on the contact impact during the laying phase of the backfill. The paper provides examples of the analysis of built shells and record-breaking objects, with an assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Good mapping of contact forces, which were calculated on the basis of bending moments, was indicated even when there was not a dense grid of measuring points. An important advantage of the algorithm involves reduction of the circumferential band that is separated from the soil-shell system to the bar, which is an element resulting from the division of the structure into subsystems.

9

Local strain analysis in friction stir welded 2024-T3 aluminium joinsunder ciclic loading

88%

Sołtysiak R.

Journal of Polish CIMAC

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2010

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tom Vol. 5, no 3

187-192

EN

A geometrical notch effect and a structural notch effect have the main influence on the local stress and strain concentration in the welded joints. The value of this local stress and strain affects the fatigue life of the whole structural component. In order to mark this value using numerical or analytical methods, the local material properties from the individual zones need to be known. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new joining method derived from conventional friction welding. This method of joining materials is finding a wider interest in the various industry fields, and the properties of these joints are the object of ongoing research. In this paper, heterogeneous local strain distributions from the individual zones of a friction stir-welded sample of 2024T3 aluminum alloy are reported. Selected results of strain analysis in the form of hysteresis loops and diagrams of the plastic strain amplitude for particular joint zones for subsequent cycles are presented. The test was carried out undergradually increasing (Lo-Hi) sinusoidal cyclic loading with the stress ratio R = -1. Seven strain gauges with 0,6 mm gauge length were used to local strain measurement.

10

Tensometryczny czujnik światłowodowy do badania rozkładu naprężeń w materiale kompozytowym

75%

Woliński T. R. , Lesiak R. , Szeląg M. , Mileńko K. , Domański A. , Jędrzejewski K. , Lewandowski L. , Boczkowska A. , Kurzydłowski K.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

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tom Vol. 51, nr 5

115-117

PL

Jedną z metod, która daje możliwości oceny stopnia degradacji nowoczesnych materiałów kompozytowych jest metoda wykorzystująca czujniki światłowodowe najnowszej generacji. Czujniki światłowodowe można stosować do oceny stopnia zniszczenia konstrukcji w sposób nieniszczący, jednocześnie znacznie ograniczając czas samego pomiaru; zarówno do badań on-line struktur kompozytowych, w trakcie ich eksploatacji, a nawet w procesie ich wytwarzania [1, 2]. W pracy przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania światłowodów do pomiaru odkształceń w materiale kompozytowym.

EN

One of the methods that gives a possibility to estimate degree of degradation of new composite materials is the method that uses optical fiber sensors of the newest generation. Optical fiber sensors can be applied to evaluate degradation of structures in non-destructive way while reducing measurements time. We can use them to investigate on-line composite structures during either their exploitation or their manufacturing process. As predicted, the fiber located closer to the neutral surface is less sensitive to bending.

11

Tensometryczny czujnik światłowodowy do badania rozkładu naprężeń w materiale kompozytowym

75%

Woliński T. R. , Lesiak P. , Szeląg M. , Mileńko K. , Domański A. , Jędrzejewski K. , Lewandowski L. , Boczkowska A. , Kurzydłowski K.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2010

|

tom Vol. 51, nr 6

148-150

PL

Jedną z metod, która daje możliwości oceny stopnia degradacji nowoczesnych materiałów kompozytowych jest metoda wykorzystująca czujniki światłowodowe najnowszej generacji. Czujniki światłowodowe można stosować do oceny stopnia zniszczenia konstrukcji w sposób nieniszczący, jednocześnie znacznie ograniczając czas samego pomiaru; zarówno do badań on-line struktur kompozytowych, w trakcie ich eksploatacji, a nawet w procesie ich wytwarzania [1, 2]. W pracy przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania światłowodów do pomiaru odkształceń w materiale kompozytowym.

EN

One of the methods that gives a possibility to estimate degree of degradation of new composite materials is the method that uses optical fiber sensors of the newest generation. We can use them to investigate on-line composite structures during either their exploitation or their manufacturing process. In this paper we present possible applications of the optical fibers to measure deformations in composite materials. In particular, we have analyzed the composite structure due to the bend-induced deformation of the sensor and we have demonstrated that the changes in the Bragg wavelength linearly depend on strain. As predicted, the fiber located closer to the neutral surface is less sensitive to bending.

12

Comparative testing of strain gauges and magnetic field measurements of steel structures

75%

Radkowski S. , Gontarz S. , Mączak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

|

2011

|

tom z. 2/83

57-72

EN

Monitoring of civil engineering structures is an important issue due to a rapid development of the modern building techniques and growing fatigue wear during utilization of bridges, market halls etc. The complexity and diversity of civil engineering structures impose requirements on the measuring system, which are difficult to be satisfied by a single sensor. As a solution, a complex monitoring system, composed of strain gauges as well as magnetic field sensors is being developed. In the paper the comparative study of different measurement techniques allowing for local deformation measurements will be presented. By measuring the changes in magnetic field of analysed steel structure it is possible to obtain the diagnostic information about the type of strain and stress intensity. In the paper the results of magnetic field measurements are compared to the strain gauge measurements obtained on the laboratory truss test stand.

PL

Monitorowanie konstrukcji budowlanych stanowi istotne zagadnienie ze względu na szybki rozwój nowoczesnych technik budowlanych oraz rosnące zużycie eksploatacyjne istniejących mostów, hal targowych itp. Złożoność i różnorodność owych obiektów nakłada na system pomiarowy wysokie wymagania, którym trudno sprostać wykorzystując w systemie czujnik jednego rodzaju. Jako kompleksowe rozwiązanie systemu monitoringu proponuje się układ składający się z tensometrów oraz czujników pola magnetycznego. W artykule przedstawiono analizę porównawczą różnych technik pomiarowych pozwalających na pomiar lokalnych deformacji. Poprzez pomiar zmian w polu magnetycznym analizowanej stalowej konstrukcji możliwe jest uzyskanie informacji diagnostycznej o rodzaju odkształceń oraz intensywności naprężeń. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów pola magnetycznego w porównaniu do pomiarów tensometrycznych, uzyskanych na kratownicy w laboratoryjnym stanowisku badawczym.

13

Insight Into Vibration Sources in Turbines

75%

Moneta G. , Jachimowicz J. , Pietrzakowski M. , Doligalski A. , Szwedowicz J.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2021

|

tom Iss. 13

40--53

EN

Despite of nearly 100 years of turbine engine development and design, blade vibrations remain a great engineering challenge. The rotating turbine blades’ vibrations lead to cyclic oscillations, which result in alternating stress and strain in harsh environments of high temperature and pressure. In modern aeroengines, high hot flow velocities might generate erosion and corrosion pitting on the metal surfaces, that leverage remarkably mean stresses. The combination of both mean and alternating stresses can lead to unexpected engine failures, especially under resonance conditions. Then, alternating stress amplitudes can exceed the safety endurance limit, what accelerates the high cyclic fatigue leading quickly to catastrophic failure of the blade. Concerning the existing state-of-the-art and new market demands, this paper revises forced vibrations with respect to excitation mechanisms related to three design levels: (i) a component like the blade design, (ii) turbine stage design consisting of vanes and blades and (iii) a system design of a combustor and turbine. This work reviews the best practices for preventing the crotating turbine and compressor blades from High Cyclic Fatigue in the design process. Finally, an engine commissioning is briefly weighed up all the pros and cons to the experimental validations and needed measuring equipment.

14

MECHATRON - Nowoczesny System Dozowania Materiałów Sypkich

75%

Klein B.

Napędy i Sterowanie

|

2001

|

tom R. 3, nr 1

54--55

PL

W wielu procesach przemysłowych bardzo ważne jest dokładne i stabilne podawanie materiałów sypkich pomimo ich różnych właściwości przepływowych. Bardzo często jakość produktu końcowego oraz koszt jego wytworzenia zależą w dużym stopniu od zastosowanych urządzeń dozujących. Wychodząc naprzeciw rosnącym wymaganiom technologicznym, firma Schenck opracowała rodzinę nowoczesnych urządzeń dozujących, zapewniających ciągłe podawanie materiałów sypkich. Dozownik Mechatron może pracować wolumetrycznie (objętościowo) i grawimetrycznie (masowo). Jeśli materiał ma stabilny ciężar usypowy, to podawanie wolumetryczne wymagające nastawienia jedynie określonej prędkości podajnika, może w wielu przypadkach dać zadowalające rezultaty przy stosunkowo niskich kosztach urządzenia.

15

Zastosowanie monitoringu tensometryczno-parasejsmicznego w pomiarach wpływów dynamicznych wzbudzonych detonacją materiału wybuchowego

75%

Biessikirski A.

Przegląd Górniczy

|

2017

|

tom T. 73, nr 3

42--49

PL

W pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie spójnego systemu parasejsmiczno-tensometrycznego do pomiaru wpływów dynamicznych wzbudzanych robotami strzałowymi w zakresie niższych wartości częstotliwości. Przedstawiono opracowaną metodykę pomiaru oraz uzyskane przebiegi drgań i naprężeń w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Na podstawie analiz Matching Pursuit (MP) przeprowadzono badania struktury czasowo-częstotliwościowej, których celem było określenie czasów występowania PPV, maksymalnego naprężenia chwilowego oraz uzyskanych wartości energii dla każdej ze składowych. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników zaobserwowano zależność pomiędzy przebiegami prędkości drgań a wyznaczonymi naprężeniami w całej dziedzinie czasu. Ponadto, otrzymane rezultaty dla analiz czasowo-częstotliwościowych przeprowadzonych na podstawie zarejestrowanych wartości drgań oraz odkształceń wzbudzonych detonacją materiału wybuchowego w skali laboratoryjnej potwierdziły bezpośrednią zależność pomiędzy PPV a maksymalnymi naprężeniami chwilowymi na każdej ze składowych.

EN

This paper presents the combine ground borne vibration and stress analysis measurement system. The methodology and results of the research were included. A detailed analysis in the time-frequency domain was obtained by the Matching Pursuit (MP) analysis. The MP methodology allowed to determine the occurrence of PPV and the maximum stress energy in time domain on each axis. Based on the obtained results the relation between ground – borne vibration velocity and induced stress in the concrete structure was observed in the whole time domain. Furthermore, the results of the analysis in the time – frequency domain obtained from the measured ground – borne vibration velocity and strains which were induced by blasting works on a laboratory scale, confirmed the direct relation between PPV and maximum stress at each axis.

16

Modular Test Stand for Fatigue Testing of Aeronautical Structures - Verification of Assumptions

75%

Leski A. , Wronicz W. , Kowalczyk P. , Szmidt M. , Klewicki R. , Włodarczyk K. , Uliński G.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

|

2020

|

tom Iss. 12

78--91

EN

The Modular Test Stand was developed and manufactured to decrease the cost of fatigue testing and reduce the time of its completion as well as to enable testing specimens under more complex load conditions. The stand consists of three connected sections, similar to a wing box, all being loaded in the same way. Thanks to that, several specimens can be tested simultaneously. This configuration requires that stress and strain distribution should be reasonably uniform, as assumed in the design stage. The structure can be loaded with bending or torsion. A whole section, selected structural node or a specimen mounted in the structure as well as a repair or a sensor can be a test object. Two stands, one for bending and one for torsion were prepared. This paper presents the verification of the assumed strain and stress distributions on the skin panels. The measurements were performed with the use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as well as strain gauges. DIC measurements were performed on one skin panel of the central section. Five strain gauge rosettes were installed on both panels of the one section. In addition, one rosette was applied to one skin panel in each of two other sections. Measurements were performed on the stand for torsion as well as on the stand for bending. The results of DIC analysis and strain gauge measurement during torsion show uniform shearing strain distributions on the panels. During bending, on the tensioned side, the strains obtained indicate quite uniform strain distributions. On the compressed side, local buckling of the skin panels results in high strain gradients. Strain levels obtained with the use of a DIC analysis and strain gauge measurements were similar. Moreover, horizontal displacements of markers in the spar axis during bending was determined based on a series of photographic. The deflection line obtained in this way has a shape similar to arc, which is characteristic of the constant bending moment. The stand was tested with torsional and bending loads in order to verify the design assumptions. The results of strain distributions on the skin panels with the use of DIC and strain gauges as well as the deflection line of the spar axis indicate that the Modular Test Stand performs as assumed and can be used for tests.

17

Skalowanie czujnika tensometrycznego za pomocą funkcji nieliniowej z wymuszeniem w wybranym punkcie jego charakterystyki

75%

Filipowski R. , Arasimowicz A. , Lechniak Z. , Zawora J.

Obróbka Metalu

|

2020

|

tom nr 3

36--41

PL

Do oceny jakości obróbki zrealizowanej w procesach wytwórczych niezbędne są pomiary wielkości, które mogą stanowić kryteria oceny. Dokładność tych pomiarów zależy, m.in. od dokładności skalowania. W artykule przedstawiono nową, oryginalną procedurę skalowania czujnika tensometrycznego umożliwiającego precyzyjne określenie wartości naprężeń jakie zostają w warstwie wierzchniej po obróbce. Przeprowadzona weryfikacja doświadczalna wykazała poprawność procedury oraz pełną jej przydatność w badaniach technologicznych.

EN

For the evaluation of quality of machining realized in manufacturing processes measurements of quantities which may constitute evaluation criteria are necessary. The accuracy of these measurements depends on, among other from scaling accuracy of sensor. In this paper a new, original procedure for scaling a strain gauge sensor is described. It allows precise determination of values of stresses that remain in surface layer after machining. The experimental verification carried out showed the correctness of the procedure and its full usefulness in technological investigations.

18

Design and modeling of an exoskeleton torque sensor

75%

Herbin P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2017

|

tom nr 51 (123)

89--94

EN

Controlling the upper limb with force feedback requires the continuous measurement of multiple values, so it is necessary to use a specific measuring system. The position of the joints and the torque produced by the drives are the basic feedbacks necessary for control. Measurement of the joint positions does not cause complications, while measurement of the driving torque is much more complex. This article describes the methods of implementing an exoskeleton drive system through a closed loop conduit system based on Bowden cables, and the integration of a torque sensor within the wheel of the exoskeleton. The integration of the sensor within a mechanical part of the construction of the exoskeleton is the main advantage of the developed sensor because it does not affect the dynamics of the exoskeleton. This article presents the process of designing, calibrating and validating the proposed link wheel torque sensor.

19

Local Phenomena During Riveting Process

75%

Kaniowski J. , Wronicz W.

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

|

2013

|

tom Iss. 5

66--78

EN

The paper presents experimental and numerical study of the local phenomena during the riveting process. It is commonly accepted that technological factors of the riveting process has a strong influence on the fatigue life of riveted joints. The authors analysed the papers concerned the experimental researches of the riveting force influence on fatigue life. The magnitude of the life increase caused by the riveting force increase suggests the authors that this is not only the result of beneficial stress system but the change of the joint formation mechanism has taken place. This was an inspiration to undertake more detailed researches of the riveting process. The strain progress during the riveting process has been experimentally investigated for four types of aluminium rivets used in airframes. Measurements confirm very high strains near the driven head. For some types of rivets the reversal strain signal has been recorded. Several FE model has been use to investigate the riveting process. The axisymmetric and solid models were used. The agreement of experimental and numerical results in some cases were good, in other cases the numerical models demand further development. In any calculations, the reversal strain effect has not been obtained, This suggest that it is result of the phenomenon which has not been taken into account in numerical modelling. The working hypothesis has been assumed that during the riveting process adhesive joints (called cold welding) were formed and destroyed during the process, what was the reason of the observed reversal strain signal. The authors are going to continue this investigation.

20

Static and Dynamic Tests Performed on a Flat Wagon

63%

Sandu N. , Zaharia N. L.

Problemy Kolejnictwa

|

2014

|

tom Z. 163

67--77

EN

Today, a wide range of freight wagons is used by railway operators. During the last century, the gondola wagon was the back bone of each freight railway operator due the versatility of such type of wagon. But in the last years because of intermodal necessity a flat wagons are more often used because a 20', 30' or 40' container with goods can be used on ships between containents, on flat wagons from the seaport to a railway station (on main land) and from the railway station to a hypermarket (or end user) with the help of truck. This paper present some of the tests performed at a four axle flat wagon. Based on testing report the wagon was certified (homologated) and putted in service on Romanian Railways.

PL

Operatorzy kolejowi korzystają z wagonów towarowych różnego typu. W ostatnim stuleciu podstawowym typem taboru kolejowego każdego operatora przewozów towarowych był wagon odkryty, cechujący się wszechstronnością zastosowań. W ostatnich latach, coraz szerszym użyciu są wagony – platformy, które spełniają wymagania transportu intermodalnego. Na takich wagonach w morskim transporcie międzykontynentalnym prze-wozi się dwudziesto, trzydziesto i czterdziesto stopowe kontenery towarowe, które po wyładowaniu w porcie są dostarczane do stacji kolejowych na lądzie i samochodami ciężarowymi do placówek handlowych lub innych odbiorców końcowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań czteroosiowego wagonu platformy. Na podstawie wyników tych badań wagon był certyfikowany (homologowany) i przekazany do eksploatacji na Koleje Rumuńskie.