W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nawęglania żelaza w procesie redukcji izotermicznej tlenków żelaza z faz ciekłych w temperaturze 1400 °C. W badaniach stosowano przemysłowy koncentrat magnetytowy (lebiedieński) i koksik wielkopiecowy. Wyniki badań wykazały, że zawartość węgla w zredukowanym żelazie wykazuje ten sam średni poziom 0,37% mas. niezależnie od czasu trwania eksperymentu (tj. 10 minut lub 10+30 minut). Obliczenia szybkości dyfuzji węgla do żelaza w stanie stałym wykazały dobrą zgodność z danymi eksperymentalnymi.
EN
In the paper the results of experimental investigations on carburization of solid iron formed during reduction process from liquid phases at temperature 1400 °C are described. In research work an industry magnetite concentrate (lebiedensla) and blast furnace coke breeze were used. The results revealed that content of carbon in reduced iron is the same (0.3 7 wt%), irrespectively of time of experiments (i.e. 10 min or 10+30 min). Calculations of carbon concentration in solid iron have shown a good agreement with the experimental data.
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Light environments can have a considerable influence on how plants respond to defoliation through influencing the biomass allocation patterns and internal C/N ratio. Seedlings of Lolium perenne, a common perennial grass species, were grown for eight weeks under three different light environments (natural light, red light and shading) and two different defoliation treatments (no defoliation versus 50% aboveground biomass removal). This study was conducted to examine (1) the effects of light regimes and defoliation on biomass accumulation, biomass allocation and internal C/N ratio status in plants; (2) how the light regimes influence the pattern of compensatory growth after defoliation; and (3) the relationship between compensatory growth and the internal C/N ratio status. We found that red light altered the shoot-to-root allometry, enhanced the leaf C concentrations and induced N deficiency. By contrast, the leaf N concentrations of L. perenne were greater during shading treatment, which simultaneously enhanced shoot growth and stopped root growth. Under defoliation, red light increased shoot growth, not at the expense of root growth, which was not the same as in natural light and shading treatment. Moreover, regardless of the unclipped (no defoliation) and defoliation conditions, the L. perenne biomass partitioning between roots and shoots was significantly correlated with the leaf N concentrations and C/N ratio, indicating that allometric biomass allocation can be largely modulated by signals related to the C and N status of the plants. These results demonstrated that the leaf C and N status would be an appropriate indicator of compensatory growth after defoliation.
W pracy przedstawiono nową, oryginalną metodę ograniczenia zużycia mediów gazowych, niezbędnych zarówno do wprowadzenia złoża w stan fluidyzacji jak i do generowania atmosfery nawęglającej. Przeprowadzono serię prób z zastosowaniem różnych okresów pulsacji złoża fluidalnego podczas nawęglania wytypowanej do badań stali 20H.
EN
The paper presents a new, original method for reducing the consumption of gas utilities necessary for both putting the bed into a fluidization state and for generating a carburizing atmosphere. A series of tests have been performed using different periods of fluidized-bed pulsation during the carburization of 20H steel selected for the investigation.
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