Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Kinematic Analysis of the Take-Off and Start of the Early Flight Phase on a Large Hill (HS-134 m) during the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships

100%

Janura M. , Cabell L. , Svoboda Z. , Elfmark M. , Zahalka F.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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tom 27

5-16

EN

The take-off is often considered the most significant and difficult phase of a ski jump. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare three groups of ski jumpers representing different skill levels during the execution of the take-off and start of the early flight phase in ski jumping. A total of 30 athletes, recruited from competitors performing ski jumps on an HS-134 m jumping hill, were categorized into three groups based on jump-length execution. Two-dimensional (2-D) kinematic data were collected from the lower extremities, trunk, and skis of the ski jumpers. Findings indicated that the ski jumpers with shorter jump length demonstrated significantly smaller in-run velocity (p < .05), while the elite and mediocre level ski jumpers exhibited a significantly faster shift of the thigh at the transition from take-off into the early flight of the jump (p < .05) than did the low-level ski jumpers. In addition, the centre of body mass (CoM) of the elite group shifted significantly more forward over the skis (p < .01) than did that of the other two groups. Finally, interindividual differences existed among ski jumpers at similar performance levels. The largest coefficients of variation (CVs) were found for the position changes of the trunk and shank behind the jumping hill edge.

2

Somatic Profile of Competitive Sport Climbers

100%

Tomaszewski P. , Gajewski J. , Lewandowska J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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tom 29

107-113

EN

Since rock climbing grows in popularity, the number of the respective scientific reports increases. However, those concerning anthropometric profile of elite climbers are scarce and inconsistent, thus the aim of the study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics of competitive sport climbers. Male rock climbers (n = 21) aged 17 - 29 years took part in the study; their climbing ability ranged from 6b to 8c in the French scale. Body height, body mass, arm span, length and girths of both extremities, shoulder and pelvis widths, as well as thickness of 5 skinfolds were determined. From these, body mass index (BMI), body fat content and selected anthropometric indices were calculated. Data collected for climbers were compared with those of untrained students (n = 165) of Warsaw Technical University. Although no between-group differences were found for body height, body mass, BMI or body fat content, the climbers exhibited significantly (p<0.001) lower pelvis-to-shoulder ratio, longer lower extremities (p<0.05), and greater arm length and arm span (p<0.001) compared to untrained students. The results of this study do not support the view that climbers are small in stature and of low body mass. It seems that the core of the issue is not in body size but rather in specific body proportions and this may be of great importance in selecting subjects to competitive sport climbing.

3

Evolution of Reception Efficacy and Execution in Women’s Volleyball According to Level of Competition – A Descriptive Study Aged From 14-Year-Old To Adult Professional Players

100%

Echeverría C. J. , Ortega E. , Palao J. M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2019

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tom 27

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nr 3

55-64

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the technical performance profile of service reception with regard to execution and efficacy level according to level of competition in women’s volleyball. The sample of the study was composed of a total of 6,311 game phases from 187 sets in 48 matches played during season 2005–2006 by the following divisions: under-14, under-16, under-18, 2nd national senior division, 1st national senior division, and international senior division. The design of the study was a descriptive and inter- and intra-group correlational one. The variables studied included level of competition, technique used to serve, technique used to receive, zone where the reception was executed, and efficacy of reception. The results indicated that at higher levels of competition: a) there is higher efficacy in reception; b) number of errors decreases; and c) proportion of receptions that allow one or more attacking options for the receiving team increases. As level of competition increases, the effect of service on reception decreases, and receiving zones are more diverse. This study establishes the technical and tactical service-reception profiles in women’s volleyball, compares them, and establishes the dependence between variables to understand how the action changes throughout the levels of competition.

4

Incentive System in Hungarian High Performance Sport

88%

Sterbenz T. , Gulyás E. , Kassay L.

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tom 64

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nr 1

53-63

EN

This study will attempt to describe the role of existing incentives which have a significant effect on Hungarian sport's performance. The aim of the paper is to understand why a large gap has emerged between successful elite sports and the popular but underperforming spectacular sport. According to the concept of dual competition, in addition to sport results, the analyzed fields also concern competition for resources, particularly for the attention of supporters and sponsors. The methodology of the analysis is fundamentally economic in nature; however, qualitative methods are also given emphasis, as the analyzed topic has specific characteristics. Based on new institutional economics, the study presumes that the behavior of organizations is determined by the decisions of bounded rational individuals, and highlights the significance of the created mechanisms and institutions.

5

Incentive System in Hungarian High Performance Sport

88%

Sterbenz T. , Gulyás E. , Kassay L.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2014

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tom 64

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nr 1

53-63

EN

This study will attempt to describe the role of existing incentives which have a significant effect on Hungarian sport's performance. The aim of the paper is to understand why a large gap has emerged between successful elite sports and the popular but underperforming spectacular sport. According to the concept of dual competition, in addition to sport results, the analyzed fields also concern competition for resources, particularly for the attention of supporters and sponsors. The methodology of the analysis is fundamentally economic in nature; however, qualitative methods are also given emphasis, as the analyzed topic has specific characteristics. Based on new institutional economics, the study presumes that the behavior of organizations is determined by the decisions of bounded rational individuals, and highlights the significance of the created mechanisms and institutions.

6

Level of Drugs Usage and Sport Performance in Malay Silat

75%

Parnabas V. , Mohamed Shapie M. N. , Parnabas J.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2015

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tom 15

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nr 2

45-51

EN

Background. Drug, as a new ‘threat’ to the ideal of sports has entered into the sport scene lately. Aim. The aim of this research is to evaluate the motives of drug usage among Silat athletes. Besides that the aim of this research is to correlate the relationship between the level of drug usage and sport performance among Malay Silat athletes. Methods. The sample consisted of 103 Malay Silat athletes, who voluntarily participated in this study. The sample was drawn from athletes who competed in Majlis Sukan Universiti Malaysia (MASUM) or sport competitions between Universities. Drugs Usage Questionnaire was used which comprised of reasons for taking drugs such as: need for achievement, in order to avoid pain, gain strength, relax and avoid frustration. Besides that, Sports Performance Questionnaire was used to evaluate the participants performance in Silat. Results. The results showed that the reasons for taking drugs among Malay Silat participants were the highest in order to avoid pain, followed by achievement, strength, relax and reduce frustration and stress. The results showed the existence of a positive correlation between the level of drug usage and sport performance. Conclusions. Sport psychologist should play an important role to teach Silat athletes’ skills and strategies relating to manage pain and enhance performance without drugs.

PL

Cel. Celem badania jest ocena motywów użycia narkotyków wśród sportowców uprawiających malajski silat, a także skorelowanie zależności między poziomem używania narkotyków i uzyskanymi wynikami sportowymi wśród sportowców uprawiających tę sztukę walki. Chociaż obecność narkotyków wśród zawodowych sportowców i tych z drużyn z wyższych uczelni jest nieznana, to wg raportu jednego z dostawców narkotyków, 6 z 10 sportowców bierze zakazane substancje. Metody. Grupa ankietowanych składała się z 103 malajskich sportowców uprawiających silat, którzy dobrowolnie uczestniczyli w tym badaniu. Badanie przeprowadzono w grupie zawodników, którzy rywalizowali w Majlis Sukan Universiti Malaysia (MASUM) lub w rozgrywkach sportowych odbywających się między uniwersytetami. Zastosowany kwestionariusz dotyczył zażywania narkotyków w celu poprawy rezultatów sportowych, by uniknąć bólu, wzmocnić siłę, odpocząć i uniknąć frustracji. Zawodnicy zaznaczyli swoje odpowiedzi na skali od 5-1. Test odnosił się też do poprzednich badań, dzięki czemu narzędzie to zostało udoskonalone. Wyniki. Autorzy badania wskazują, że sportowcy mogą mieć kilka powodów do sięgania po narkotyki np. aby zwiększyć masę, siłę mięśni i wytrzymałość, skrócić czas rekonwalescencji, poprawić własny wizerunek ciała, zrelaksować się lub zmniejszyć wagę. Wyniki wykazały, że powodem zażywania narkotyków wśród praktykujących malajski silat - najważniejszą przyczyną było uniknięcie bólu, a następnie chęć uzyskania wysokich osiągnięć, poprawienie siły, potrzeba odpoczynku i zmniejszenie frustracji oraz stresu. Wyniki pokazały, istniejącą pozytywną korelację pomiędzy poziomem używania narkotyków a wynikami sportowymi (0.597), która jest statystycznie istotna (P < .01). Wnioski. Silat malezyjski jest jednym z urazowych sportów i wymaga wielu lat treningu; powoduje liczne urazy, które bywają niwelowane przez użycie np. anabolików. Chociaż użycie zabronionych substancji sprzyja lepszym wynikom sportowym i redukuje ból, to jednak przyczyniają się one do narażania zdrowia, a także nieetycznego zachowania wobec innych sportowców i całego społeczeństwa; powodują wypaczanie idei sportu, są nienaturalne oraz stanowią łamanie umowy sportowej. Autorzy podkreślają ogromną rolę psychologa sportowego, który mógłby uczyć umiejętności i strategii dotyczących zarządzania bólem i zwiększyć wydajność sportowców uprawiających silat bez używania narkotyków.