Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Interpretation of Structural Parameters for Models with Spatial Autoregression

100%

Pietrzak M. B.

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nr 2

129-155

EN

The main purpose of the article is to consider a important issue of spatial econometrics, which is a proper interpretation of structural parameters of econo-metric models with spatial autoregression. The problem will be considered basing on the example of the spatial SAR model. Another purpose of the article is to make an overview of measures of average spatial impact proposed by the subject litera-ture (see Lesage and Pace 2009). The analysis will include such measures as Aver-age Total Impact to an Observation, Average Total Impact from an Observation, Average Indirect Impact to an Observation, Average Indirect Impact from an Ob-servation and Average Direct Impact. Having considered the above issues, I will introduce a set of three original measures that allow the interpretation of the strength of the impact of the explanatory processes within the spatial SAR model, which take the forms of average direct impact, average indirect impact and average induced impact. The use of this set of measures will be illustrated with the example of the analysis of the unemployment rate in Poland. It must be emphasized that the presented set of measures may also be designated for other spatial models. With the knowledge of the empirical form of the model and of the spatial weight matrix, the set of measures introduced simplifies significantly the complex procedure of the interpretation of the structural parameters for spatial models to the use of merely three values.

2

INTERREGIONAL R&D SPILLOVERS AND REGIONAL CONVERGENCE: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE FROM THE EU REGIONS

80%

Chocholatá M. , Furková A.

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nr 1

9-24

EN

Research background: Many contemporary empirical studies and also most of economic growth theories recognize the importance of innovation and knowledge for achieving an economic growth. A large part of empirical literature has treated the issue of beta convergence without the spatial aspect, i.e. the possible spatial dependence among regions or states in growth process was neglected. Purpose of the article: In this paper, we investigate the link between selected R&D (Research and Development) indicators as proxies for the regional innovation and knowledge and economic performance of the region. We also assume a significant role of regional R&D spillovers in the regional growth process determination. Methods: The main methodological basis for our analysis is beta convergence approach and the dataset under the consideration consists of 245 NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics) EU (European Union) regions during the 2003–2014 period. Our analysis is made with respect to spatial interactions across the EU regions. Findings & Value added: The influence of R&D indicators on the economic growth has been confirmed, and spatial interconnection across the EU regions have been proven. Potential existence of geographical R&D spillovers across the EU regions was examined by formulation of additional beta convergence model with spatial lag variables. We have identified that the influence of R&D spillovers is not strictly restricted to the neighbouring regions, but they spread across a larger area. For the construction of spatial lags of R&D indicators different spatial weight matrices were considered.

3

Spatial Pseudo Panel Data Models with an Application to Mincer Wage Equations

80%

Güris S. , Aydin G. K.

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nr 1

4

Spatial Dynamic Modelling of Tax Gap: the Case of Italy

80%

Carfora A. , Pansini R. V. , Pisani S.

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tom 25

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nr 1

7-28

EN

This paper analyses the determinants of regional tax gap in Italy testing if tax evasion is characterised by spatial persistence. The size of spatial correlation in regional tax gaps has been tested and the role of additional determinants of evasion over the period 2001–2011 has been estimated. Using a dynamic spatial panel model, it is shown that regional tax gap is determined by tax evasion in neighbouring regions and is characterised by spatial persistence. Results make it possible to draw a taxonomy of the determinants of regional tax gap: contextual factors and operational factors linked to the relative efficacy of tax evasion contrasting policies and geography.

5

Redefining The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Within Spatial Econometrics, the Case of The Scale Problem

80%

Bernard Pietrzak M.

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nr 2

111-132

EN

The paper focuses on the issue of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), which is frequently discussed within spatial econometrics. This issue concerns the changeability of the characteristics of the analysed phenomena under the impact of the change in the composition of territorial units. The article indicates four conditions which need to be fulfilled if the correctness of spatial analyses is to be maintained. Also, the paper introduces the concept of the quasi composition of regions (QCR). It was defined as a set of particular compositions of territorial units for subsequent aggregation scales. Particular compositions of territorial units are selected in a way that allows a correct analysis within the undertaken research problem to be conducted. The chief asset of the paper is the proposal to redefine the concept of the modifiable areal unit problem. Both the scale problem and the aggregation problem were linked to the accepted quasi composition of regions. The redefinition of the concept is vital for the research conducted since analysing phenomena based on compositions of territorial units which are excluded from the quasi composition of regions leads to the formulation of incorrect conclusions. Within the undertaken research problem there exists only one particular composition of territorial units which allows the identification and description of the dependence for analysed phenomena. Within the considered modifiable areal unit problem two potential problems were defined and they can occur while making spatial analyses. The first is the final areal interpretation problem (FAIP) that occurs when the characteristics of phenomena or the dependence are designated for too large region. The other issue is the aggregation scale interpretation problem (ASIP). It occurs when a quasi composition of regions is enlarged by an aggregation scale where the correctness of the results of the undertaken research problem is not preserved. In both cases it is possible to reach a situation where the obtained characteristics will be deprived of the cognitive value.

6

An Empirical Study Of Productivity Growth In EU28 - Spatial Panel Analysis

80%

Olejnik A.

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tom 17

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nr 4

187-202

EN

This paper investigates the spatial process of productivity growth in the European Union on the foundations of the theory of New Economic Geography. The proposed model is based on the study of NUTS 2 regions and takes into consideration a spatial weights matrix in order to better describe the structure of spatial dependence between EU regions. Furthermore, our paper attempts to investigate the applicability of some new approaches to spatial modelling including parameterization of the spatial weights matrix. Our study presents an application of the spatial panel model with fixed effects to Fingleton’s theoretical framework. We suggest that the applied approach constitutes an innovation to spatial econometric studies providing additional information hence, a deeper analysis of the investigated problem.

7

The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem – Analysis of Correlation and Regression

80%

Pietrzak M. B.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2014

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tom 9

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nr 4

113-131

EN

The paper focuses on the issue of the modifiable areal unit problem, which means a possibility of obtaining various results for spatial economic analyses depending on the assumed composition of territorial units. The major research objective of the work is to examine the scale problem that constitutes one of the aspects of the modifiable areal unit problem. Analysis of the scale problem will be conducted for two research problems, namely, for the problem of the causal relationships between the level of investment outlays in enterprises per capita and the number of entities of the national economy per capita, and the issue of the dependence between the registered unemployment rate and the level of investment outlays per capita. The calculations based on the empirical values of those variables have showed that moving to a higher level of aggregation resulted in a change in the estimates of the parameters. The results obtained were the justification for undertaking the realisation of the objective. The scale problem was considered by means of a simulation analysis with a special emphasis laid on differentiating the variables expressed in absolute quantities and ones expressed in relative quantities. The study conducted allowed the identification of changes in basic properties as well as in correlation of the researched variables expressed in absolute and relative quantities. Based on the findings, it was stated that a correlation analysis and a regression analysis may lead to different conclusions depending on the assumed level of aggregation. The realisation of the research objective set in the paper also showed the need to consider the adequate character of variables in both spatial economic analyses and during the examination of the scale problem.

8

Youth unemployment and crime: an empirical investigation for Turkey

80%

Tunca H. , Gulel F. E.

Managerial Economics

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2019

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tom 20

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nr 1

27-42

EN

The crime economy has lately become a popular field of research because of regular increases in crime rates. Economists’ interest in crime analysis goes back to Becker’s (1968) model. “Cost-benefit” analysis determined the crime preferences of rational individuals in this model. According to this analysis, if the benefit from the crime is higher than the cost to be faced, the individual will be willing to commit the crime. One of the factors studied in the crime phenomenon is migration. The main reason for migration is unemployment and poverty. The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between youth unemployment and crime rates by migration-receiving regions. By this purpose, aggregated crime rates, as well as non-aggregated crime rates (property crime, theft, and violent crime), were used. Also, the youth unemployment rate has been subdivided by gender differences and educational levels. We prefer to use spatial econometrics models in this study because of the unemployment rate, and crime rate showing the regional cluster pattern. Migration-receiving is considered as regions neighboring.

9

Redefining the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Within Spatial Econometrics, the Case of the Aggregation Problem

80%

Pietrzak M. B.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2014

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tom 9

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nr 3

131-151

EN

The paper focuses on the issue of the aggregation problem, which is frequently discussed within spatial econometrics. The aggregation problem is one of the two aspects of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). The aggregation problem is connected with the volatility of the obtained results occurred when various compositions of territorial units for the same aggregation scale were applied. The objective of the present paper is to consider the redefinition of aggregation problem and showing positive solution of the aggregation problem based on the empirical example of determining agricultural macroregions. In the article the aggregation problem was defined as a problem of establishing a particular composition of territorial units at a selected aggregation scale in a such a way that is remains in the quasi composition of regions within the undertaken research problem. The paper also presented the procedure for determining agricultural macroregions where the analysis of the spatial volatility of the agrarian structure and the current knowledge on the agriculture in Poland were applied. In addition, the paper considered the final areal interpretation problem con-nected with the incorrect determination of the area in relation to which final conclusions are drawn. The problem was presented basing on the example of the establishment of the average concentration of the area of agricultural land in Poland with the use of the Gini index calculated for districts. The paper emphasised that ignoring the final areal interpretation problem in spatial analyses may lead to an apparent identification of the modifiable areal unit problem.

10

Spatial cross-regressive models in the study of the spatial diffusion of innovation in Central Europe

70%

Kisiała W.

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2017

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nr 476

97-105

EN

In the paper, spatial cross-regressive models were used for the identification of the processes of the spatial diffusion of innovations in Central Europe. As it is difficult to measure the diffusion of innovations directly, the empirical part of the work was based on symptomatic indicators. In the course of the research, the author undertook to show how variables indicating the level of innovation (considered to be independent variables) shaped the efficiency of work, expressed as the indicator of gross value added per worker (modelled dependent variable). The regression analysis conducted showed that there was a statistically significant link between innovation and the efficiency of work in Central European countries, also in the dimension of spatial interactions among regions. Econometric modelling led to the conclusion that the spatial diffusion of innovations occurred.

11

Comparing the Probability of Unemployment in Southern Greece Vis-À-Vis the Entire Country

60%

Rodokanakis S.

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nr 12

17-43

EN

The basic aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that educational level of individuals and participation in training programmes (apprenticeship, intra-firm training, continuing vocational training, popular training) have on their job prospects in Southern Greece (namely the regions of Southern Aegean and Crete) during the implementation of the first Community Support Framework (1989-1993). We also research the differences between the two regions under study and the entire country. We try to see whether the educational level itself and participation in training programmes increased the chances of finding a job. More specifically, we research what are the social and demographic characteristics that increase the chances of someone in the examined population finding a job, how those chances change (if they do) after the introduction of training courses and, also, whether University graduates, in contrast to most of the rest of the EU member states, face greater difficulties in finding a job than non-University graduates, as a series of studies for Greece conclude. To the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyse individual anonymised records (micro-data) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for both employed and unemployed in those two regions at NUTS 2 level.

12

Regional Economic Impact Assessment with Missing Input-Output Data: A Spatial Econometrics Approach for Poland

60%

Torój A.

|

nr 2

13

Determinanty absorpcji środków z perspektywy finansowej 2007–2013 na poziomie powiatów

60%

Pastor K.

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2018

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tom Volume 3

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nr Issue 1 June 2018

27-39

PL

Motywacja: W latach 2007–2013 Polska była beneficjentem polityki spójności i uzyskała z budżetu unijnego ponad 67 mld EUR. Kryteria podziału funduszy były skomplikowane ze względu na mnogość grup docelowych oraz rozdrobnienie poszczególnych działań. Cel: Celem artykułu jest wyszczególnienie czynników, które najsilniej wpływały na absorpcję środków unijnych na poziomie powiatów. Postawiono dwa przypuszczenia: (1) absorpcja środków rośnie wraz z wyższym poziomem rozwoju powiatu (kanał konkurencyjności) oraz wraz z istotnie niższym poziomem rozwoju (kanał spójności); (2) kluczowe znaczenie dla poziomu absorpcji miała skuteczna polityka informacyjna oraz umiejętność wpasowania instrumentów polityki spójności w strategię rozwoju organizacji. Materiały i metody: W artykule użyto ekonometrię przestrzenną. Wykorzystanie modeli przestrzennych umożliwiło lepsze odwzorowanie zależności między powiatami. Wyniki: Wykazano istotny statystycznie wpływ obu kanałów transmisji (konkurencyjności i spójności). Wyniki modelu sugerują, że większe znaczenie dla poziomu wykorzystania środków miały czynniki związane z konkurencyjnością regionów.

EN

Motivation: Poland benefited from cohesion funds in 2007–2013 and gained more than 67 bln EUR from the European budget. The criteria of the distribution of these funds were multifaceted, because of the occurrence of many different target groups and fragmentation of instruments. Aim: The main aim of the article was to determine factors, which had the strongest impact on the absorption of European funds on district level in Poland. Two assumptions were made: (1) absorption level rises along with a higher level of district development (competitiveness channel) and with significantly lower level of development (cohesion channel); (2) the proper information policy as well as the ability to fit European funds support into organisation strategy played a key role for the level of absorption. Materials and methods: Spatial econometrics was used in the article. The usage of spatial relations facilitated the creation of a better fitted model. Results: The statistically significant impact of both channels (competitiveness and cohesion channels) was noted. The results from the model suggest that the competitiveness of the regions had more impact on absorption than a low level of development.

14

Behaviour of humans and behaviour of models in dynamic space

60%

Nijkamp P.

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nr 2

15

Determinants of the own income of municipalities in the Lubuskie Province in the light of the results of econometric modeling

51%

Szczuciński P.

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nr 130

5-14

PL

Rozwój lokalny gmin jest procesem odbywającym się w określonym miejscu i czasie. Jednym z ważniejszych jego mierników są dochody własne gmin, pochodzące ze źródeł znajdujących się na terenie danego samorządu. Ich poziom jest uwarunkowany w dużej mierze przez determinanty wewnętrzne związane z charakterem lokalnej działalności gospodarczej. Pomijać nie można też wpływu na nie determinant zewnętrznych i przestrzennych. W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury na temat determinant wpływających na dochody własne gmin oraz przedstawiono na przykładzie województwa lubuskiego wyniki badań empirycznych w tym zakresie. Na potrzeby badań zastosowano metody ekonometrii przestrzennej. Na podstawie danych z lat 1999-2020 oszacowano modele panelowe dochodów własnych gmin badanego województwa z autoregresją przestrzenną zmiennej objaśnianej (SAR) oraz autokorelacją przestrzenną składnika losowego (SE). Oba modele porównano z modelem klasycznym estymowanym metodą najmniejszych kwadratów. Wyniki badań wskazują na występowanie szeregu zależności dochodów własnych gmin regionu względem rozpatrywanych zmiennych objaśniających oraz czynnika przestrzennego.

EN

The local development of municipalities is a process taking place in a specific place and time. One of the most important measures of this process is the own income of municipalities, proceeding from the sources within the territory of a given local government. Their level depends to a large extent on internal determinants related to the nature of local economic activity. However, the impact of external and spatial determinants has to be taken into account as well. This paper reviews the literature dealing with determinants influencing the own income of municipalities and presents the results of an empirical case study of the Lubuskie Province. For the purpose of the study spatial econometric methods were used. On the basis of the data for 1999-2020, panel models of the own income of municipalities in the analysed region with spatial autoregression of the explained variable (SAR) and spatial autocorrelation of the random component (SE) were estimated. Both models were compared with the classical model estimated by the least squares method. The results of the research indicate the existence of a number of correlations between the own income of municipalities in the region, the examined explanatory variables and the spatial factor.

16

Analysis of changes in the technical production means potential of farms in the provinces of Lubelskie Voivodeship

51%

Szeląg-Sikora A. , Sikora J. , Niemiec M. , Gródek-Szostak Z. , Cupiał M.

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2016

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tom Vol. 61, nr 2

104--109

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the spatial distribution of farm equipment with technical means of production in a given period of time (the period of the agricultural census in 1996, 2002 and 2010) of 20 counties of Lubelskie Voivodeship. The scope of work included the spatial database of the examined region at the level of counties. The data were taken from the European Statistical Office and related inter alia to variables such as: agricultural tractors, self-propelled machinery or residential areas per unit area of the farm. Then the analysis of the spatial distribution in 1996, 2002 and 2010 was conducted, and spatial changes were determined. Based on the accepted diagnostic variables a synthetic indicator was determined and the multi-scale phenomenon was described with one feature.

PL

Celem pracy było wyznaczenie rozkładu przestrzennego wyposażenia gospodarstw rolnych w techniczne środki produkcji w wybranych latach (1996, 2002 i 2010) na poziomie 20 powiatów województwa lubelskiego. Zakres pracy obejmował wykonanie przestrzennej bazy danych badanego województwa na poziomie powiatów. Dane atrybutowe zostały pozyskane z opracowań Europejskiego Urzędu Statystycznego i odnosiły się min. do takich zmiennych jak: ciągniki rolnicze, maszyny samobieżne czy powierzchnie użytkowe w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni gospodarstwa. Następnie została przeprowadzona analiza rozkładu przestrzennego w 1996, 2002 i 2010 roku oraz wyznaczone zostały zmiany przestrzenne. Na podstawie przyjętych zmiennych diagnostycznych został wyznaczony wskaźnik syntetyczny a zjawisko wieloskalowe zostało opisane jedną cechą.

17

A study of real estate market in Kraków using the methods of spatial econometrics

51%

Bitner A. , Bysina J.

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2014

|

tom no. 2

7--17

EN

The article presents implementations of statistics and spatial econometrics that can be used to study real estate market. The analysis covered the area of the administrative unit of Śródmieście district of Kraków. It is a very diverse area of research as it includes both the city core of Kraków and its outskirts. Śródmieście is divided into three districts: Stare Miasto, Grzegórzki and Prądnik Czerwony. The transactional data come from the notarial deeds drawn up in 2011. During that period 739 purchase/sale transactions of apartments were concluded. The purpose of the article is to create a map of the average prices of apartments situated in the administrative unit of Śródmieście. The analysis of the apartment prices was conducted both for the separate districts of cadastral registration (bounds, cadastral districts) and districts and for the whole administrative unit.

18

Iloraz potencjałów jako narzędzie wspomagające podejmowanie decyzji i kształtowanie strategii na rynku pracy w Polsce

51%

Mastalerz-Kodzis A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2017

|

tom z. 102

215--224

PL

Celem pracy jest zbadanie dynamiki zmian oraz zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju rynku pracy w Polsce w podziale na województwa. W badaniach wykorzystano wybrane modele ekonometrii przestrzennej, a w szczególności metody nowej ekonomii geograficznej. Zastosowano przestrzenne modele potencjału dochodu i ludności oraz zmodyfikowaną metodę ilorazu potencjałów. Praca składa się dwóch części zasadniczych: części metodycznej oraz badań empirycznych i wniosków.

EN

The aim of the article is to study the dynamics of changes and the differentiation of development level of the labour market in Poland according to each province. In the study we have used selected models of spatial econometrics, especially the new economic geography method. We have applied spatial potential models of income and population and the modified method of potentials' quotient. The work consists of two basic parts: the methodical part and the empirical study together with the conclusions.

19

Taksonomiczny miernik rozwoju (TMR) z uwzględnieniem zależności przestrzennych

51%

Pietrzak M.

Przegląd Statystyczny

|

2014

|

tom 61

|

nr 2

181-201

PL

Tematyka artykułu dotyczy zagadnienia wykorzystania taksonomicznego miernika rozwoju w przestrzennych analizach ekonomicznych w warunkach występowania zależności przestrzennych. Dodatnie zależności przestrzenne obserwowane są dla większości zjawisk ekonomicznych. Wymusza to uwzględnienie tych zależności w konstrukcji miernika, w wyniku czego otrzymywany jest przestrzenny taksonomiczny miernik rozwoju (pTMR). W związku z powyższym celem artykułu jest wypracowanie propozycji konstrukcji przestrzennego taksonomicznego miernika rozwoju. Zależności przestrzenne uwzględnione zostaną w konstrukcji miernika poprzez wykorzystanie potencjalnej siły interakcji między regionami. Dzięki temu przestrzenny taksonomiczny miernik rozwoju pozwalać będzie na określenie tendencji w kształtowaniu się analizowanych zjawisk. Zaproponowana w artykule konstrukcja przestrzennego taksonomicznego miernika rozwoju zastosowana została w przestrzennym badaniu poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego podregionów w Polsce w 2011 roku. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła na ocenę sytuacji gospodarczej w Polsce oraz określenie tendencji w rozwoju gospodarczym podregionów.

EN

The subject of the article concerns the question of the use of a taxonomic measure of development (TMR) in spatial economic analyses under the conditions of spatial dependence. Positive spatial dependence is observed for the majority of economic phenomena. This forces the inclusion of this dependence in the construction of the measure, thus providing a spatial taxonomic measure of development (pTRM). Therefore, the aim of this article is to develop a proposal for the construction of a spatial taxonomic measure of development. Spatial dependence will be taken into account in the design of the meter by using the potential strength of the interaction between the regions. As a result, a spatial taxonomic measure of development will allow the trend in the analyzed phenomena to be determined. The construction of the spatial taxonomic measure of development proposed in the article was applied in the study of the spatial economic development level of Polish subregions in 2011. The analysis allowed us to assess the economic situation in Poland and to identify trends in the economic development of subregions.

20

The Application of Spatial Analysis Methods in the Real Estate Market in South‑Eastern Poland

41%

Dejniak D.

|

tom 1

|

nr 333

PL

W artykule pokazano możliwości zastosowania metod analizy przestrzennej do badania rynku nieruchomości. Metody te zostały wykorzystane do zbadania zróżnicowania ceny 1 m2 nieruchomości mieszkaniowej w Polsce południowo‑wschodniej. Analizie poddano współczynniki korelacji globalnej i lokalnej Morana. Otrzymane wyniki zostały wzbogacone danymi makroekonomicznymi. Przeprowadzona analiza potwierdza opinię, że ceny nieruchomości mieszkalnych zależą od położenie przestrzennego. Natomiast oddziaływanie czynników makroekonomicznych na rynek nieruchomości może zostać zaburzone przez czynniki lokalne kształtujące popyt i podaż. Statystyki autokorelacji przestrzennej, które informują o rodzaju i sile zależności przestrzennej, umożliwiają poszerzenie tradycyjnie stosowanych miar, a tym samym mogą stać się podstawą decyzji biznesowych.

EN

The aim of the article is to apply the method of spatial analysis to research the real estate property market in south‑eastern Poland. The methods of spatial statistics will be used to model the space differences of prices per one square metre of dwelling surface located in districts of south‑eastern Poland and to investigate spatial autocorrelation. The databases will be presented in a graphical form. The results may be used to set the spatial regularities and relations. The methods presented may be applied while making strategic decisions.