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The spatial dimension in the teaching of Czech for foreigners (particularly in prepositional phrases with the locative meaning ADV Loc)

100%

Hrdlička M.

nr Special Issue

112-124

Spatial relations are an important element of communication. They are expressed using prepositional (Jeli podél řeky. ‘They drove alongside the river.’) as well as nonprepositional phrases (Prošli hlubokým lesem. ‘They crossed a deep forest.’), locative adverbs (Všichni sešli dolů. ‘They all came downstairs.’) and subordinate clauses (Došli až tam, kde cesta končila. ‘They arrived to the place where the path ended.’). ADV Loc phrases assume secondary meaning in communication (Je úplně na dně. ‘He has hit bottom.’ — he is in a critical situation). Originally, local relations played a fundamental role in the formation of other meanings: the meanings of purpose, effect, and cause evolved in the dynamic component while the meanings of condition, aspect, manner, etc. developed in the static component. Local relations receive due attention in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages as well as in the reference level descriptions for Czech (A1–B1). The same applies to selected textbooks of Czech for foreigners. There is, however, room for improvement which could be achieved by: a) applying the onomasiological approach (grouping prepositions based on semantic units) instead of the semasiological one; the obstacle to this is the horizontal description of Czech declension (a step-by-step presentation of grammatical cases rather than entire paradigms), b) taking advantage of the knowledge of the use of primary prepositions (linguo-didactic instructions) and c) taking advantage of other aspects, e.g. the presentation of the preposition na ‘for’ as a preposition of purpose and not place (Jde na oběd. ‘He is going for lunch.’ — not “where”, but “why”); paying more attention to differences (z Brna vs. od Brna ‘from Brno’ vs. ‘from around Brno’); synonymy (podle/podél řeky ‘along/alongside the river’); and the competition between prepositions (za mlhy / v mlze = ‘during the fog / in the fog’).

Measuring the spatial dimension of a Smart City: a new tool for measuring and evaluating a Smart City’s urban form

86%

Gorgol N. K. , Barnaś K.

tom Vol. 120, iss. 1

art. no. e2023019

This study discusses the link between the idea of the Smart City and urban form. The paper aims to fill a research gap in terms of the physical structure of a Smart City by investigating how its spatial dimension can be evaluated and measured. The methodology used is based on a comparative and interpretive analysis of logical argumentation based on analysis and synthesis. The main aim of this research was to develop a method to evaluate the spatial dimension of a smart city. In order to achieve this, a four-step process was formulated: Step 1. Extracting elements of urban form and the Smart City as a concept. Step 2. Examining the possible correlations between each component of a Smart City and urban form elements. Step 3. Creating a Smart City urban form evaluation tool. Step 4. Testing the tool on existing smart cities: the Songdo IBD in South Korea, and Aspern Seestadt in Vienna, Austria. The final outcome is a proposed tool for measuring and evaluating urban form which may be applied to future smart city projects.