Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Sustainability of space traffic management – addressing the issue of orbital debris in the context of space liability

100%

Buszman Z.

Studia Iuridica

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2023

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tom 97

185-199

EN

The problem of managing space debris is not only an international challenge but also an opportunity to preserve this environment for future space exploration missions. As more countries gain the technology and economic means to launch spacecraft, more focus is being exerted on standardizing the procedures of each country and on adhering to new developing norms under international agreements. Over time, the increasing number of launching states proves that space debris mitigation will have to be coordinated and that preventive measures across all stakeholders – both state and non-state actors – will have to be put in place since if one actor fails to do so, this may inevitably affect all others. The article focuses on the analysis of international space law and policy steps undertaken to tackle environmental pollution in outer space, in particular in terms of accumulation of human-made debris and waste material in the Earth’s orbit and beyond. The aim of the work is to analyse to what extent the international legal framework and policy measures are failing in addressing the emerging issue of debris in outer space and to propose policy recommendations in creating a new specialized international organization along with de lege ferenda conclusions for international space law, especially in the context of possible amendments to the Liability Convention and the Outer Space Treaty.

2

International security and outer space – today’s law challenges

88%

Polkowska M.

Studia Iuridica

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2023

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tom 97

126-142

EN

Space security means safe and permanent access to space and limiting threats coming from there. This definition also includes the security aspects of man-made devices sent into space and of ground stations. Space infrastructure can be described as a network of space and ground systems connected by communication channels and allowing access to space. Today, the largest space powers have begun to consider space as an operational domain of warfare. Space more and more often appears to be a field for competition, which might become an arena of conflict. The aim of this article is to present today’s many law challenges to the security of space infrastructure, such as unintentional threats (space debris, geomagnetic and solar storms, and other random disturbances), intentional threats (ASAT anti-satellite weapons, malicious interference, and cyber-attacks), the growing problems of Earth orbit congestion, and the increasing amount of space debris from devices launched into space. The article also presents the role of international organizations (such as the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer space) in making laws that are intended to observe and react to all changes necessary in the outer space environment and to be proactive to help outer space to be safe and secure for all mankind. The conclusion is, however, not optimistic. Space security is a sensitive issue, mainly during conflicts or wars. States are not inclined to bind themselves by international law in this matter. Thus, due to the absence of hard international law (treaties), bilateral and multilateral agreements as well as the best practices from countries that organize space flights must apply. Space monitoring systems, such as the Situational Awareness System (SSA), the code of conduct in space, the UN Long Term Sustainability, or the space Traffic Management rules are legal tools to manage the above challenges in space today.

3

The Nomenclature of War and Genocide : the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

88%

Keefe T. E.

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2022

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tom R. 7, Nr 13

75--82

EN

Objectives: An analysis of the nomenclature of war regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Methods: The research methods include a historical analysis of the naming of wars, specifically the term “World War III,” and documentation of the current political and military situation. Results: The article answers three research questions: 1) How and why are wars named? 2) What is meant by the phrase “World War III”? 3) Is the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022 a global conflict? 4) What are the ramifications of the conflict in terms of human rights (genocide) and the international system (political and economic)? Conclusions: The Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022 is not a regional act of aggression by a Russian belligerent state, but the escalation of imperialist aspirations into a global and genocidal conflict. This is a renewed Cold War that ought to be framed as World War III both in regards to collective numeration as well as a recognition of the global nature and potential regarding the use of tactical nuclear weapons.

4

The role of EU public diplomacy in affecting international security in the context of the development of the outer space traffic management

88%

Borek R. , Woźnica J. , Malawski M.

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2022

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tom R. 7, Nr 13

75--92

EN

Objectives: The purpose of this article is to identify the role of international diplomacy in shaping the outer Space Traffic Management. Methods: The theoretical research methods were used in this paper - analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization. Results: The article presents the potential possibility of not only gaining the public awareness in the area of space traffic management problems thanks to the international mandate of institutions such as the European Union (EU) or NATO, but also its attempt to indicate the role of European institutions in shaping international security in the context of the development of space traffic management at the global level. Conclusions: Taking into consideration all potential space threats and military and non-military issues of building international security we can find straight links of complexity with the outer space environment and multilateral diplomacy. It sems to be the most efficient tool to build resilience in the environment of international institutions of strategic status to establish space situational awareness of key importance for future global defence and deterrence. Taking a huge intensity of space traffic management, especially with the example of the tensed conflict in Ukraine since 24th February 2022 we are witnessing the new era of space technological resolutions. The awareness should also concern the possibility of technical achievement, as the example done by Chinese or Russians that can destroy satellites in orbit in case of the possible conflict scenario in the space.

5

Safety and security in space traffic management regulations

63%

Polkowska M.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2019

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tom R. 9, Nr 15

287--303

EN

The Space Traffic Management (STM) is a new concept referring to the space activities. The highest priority is safety and security of outer space and all conducted operations. There is no definition of STM. There is an urgent need to regulate STM providing safety and security regulations at international, regional and national level. Due to the fact that there is no STM definition, the regulator might use the example of existing regulations of International Civil Aviation Organization on Air Traffic Management (ATM). There are many questions, still open, regarding specific regulations needed and at which level they should be made: globally or nationally.

PL

Zarządzanie ruchem kosmicznym to nowe pojęcie odnoszące się do działań kosmicznych. Dużą rolę przywiązuje się w nim do zasad bezpieczeństwa podejmowanej w przestrzeni kosmicznej działalności operacyjnej. Z uwagi na zwiększającą się aktywność państw w Kosmosie i coraz więcej obiektów tam umieszczanych, ważne jest, aby uregulować zasady korzystania z przestrzeni kosmicznej, na zasadzie analogii do zarządzania ruchem lotniczym w przestrzeni powietrznej państw. Artykuł podejmuje ten problem i rozważa się w nim m.in. kwestie dotyczące regulacji na szczeblu międzynarodowym, europejskim i krajowym. Można tu skorzystać z rozwiązań aneksów do konwencji chicagowskiej z 1944 r. i doświadczeń Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego w tym zakresie.