Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Active sol-gel powders.

100%

Borek B. , Jasierski M. , Laskowski S. , Mazurek B. , Maruszewski K.

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2006

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tom Vol. 44, nr 18

146-148

EN

The sol-gel technology provides a relatively simple and cheap method of production of submicron-sized powders. Also, due to its wet-chemistry character doping and chemical modifications of such powders are fairly straightforward. Enables it obtaining various active powders for a broad possible variety of applications.

2

Influence of aging and annealing on the properties of silica films produced with sol-gel method

100%

Karasinski P.

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2006

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tom Vol. 36, nr 2-3

389-399

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations involving the influence of aging and annealing of the sol films on the final parameters of the obtained silica films. Both technological process and measurement method were described. The changes of refractive index were presented as well as the changes of film thickness of sols deposited on glass substrates during their aging under ambient conditions. The influence of the annealing process of films on their final parameters was examined. Silica films on glass substrates were deposited using dip coating method.

3

Application of sol-gel process for preparation of functional materials

100%

Gaishun V. E. , Demidenko O. M. , Kosenok Y. A. , Kovalenko D. L. , Semchenko A. V. , Strek W.

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2009

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tom Vol. 3, No. 4

121-123

EN

A development of high-performance materials for electronics, optics, ceramics fabrication is restrained by traditional modes of their production. Basic technologies for materials include high-temperature physical and chemical processes and require special conditions to attain desired properties of final products. Advanced preparation methods for materials with new features are feasible on the basis of colloid-chemical processes and nanochemistry. In this respect the sol-to-gel transformation followed by solidification and chemical modification are of great interest to attain a variety of different functional properties of materials.

4

Porosity of Titania-Silica Aerogels Prepared with Ammonium Fluoride

100%

Mrowiec-Białoń J.

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2000

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tom Vol. 74, nr 4

539-548

EN

The use of ammonium fluoride together with hydrochloric acid as a catalyst system for titania-silica mixed oxides markedly reduces the time of gelation and this has no detriomental effect on the porous texture of aerogels and their morphology in nanometer scales.

5

Red-emitting LiEuW2O8 phosphor for white emitting diodes prepared by sol-gel process

100%

Hwang K. S. , Jeon Y. S. , Hwangbo S. , Kim J. T.

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2009

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tom Vol. 39, nr 2

375-382

EN

Scheelite-type LiEuW2O8 (LEW) phosphors with the optical function of color conversion from near-UV to red were prepared by sol-gel method using a lithium acetate dehydrate, europium(III) nitrate pentahydrate, and tungsten(VI) chloride as starting materials. Viscous mixing sol was prefired at 300 °C for 120 min in air and then white powder precursor was finally annealed at 500-800 °C for 240 min in Ar. From an X-ray diffraction analysis, all the samples are isostructural and belong to the tetragonal system of scheelite-type. The main emission peak is 5D0 › 7F2 transitions of Eu3+ at 615 nm, other transitions from the 5D0 › 7F1, 5D0 › 7F3 and 5D0 › 7F4 located at 570-700 nm range are weak. The characteristic emission of WO4-2 in LEW is quenched absolutely and only red-light emission of Eu3+ appears. Crystallinity, surface properties and red-emission by near-ultraviolet (395 nm) were improved by high-temperature annealing.

6

Luminescent materials, recognition phases of the chemical sensors and heterogeneous catalysts prepared by sol-gel method

100%

Kłonkowski A. M.

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2002

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tom Vol. 20, No. 1

57-70

EN

The sol-gel process enables one to prepare oxide xerogels at room temperature. By using this method, it is possible to encapsulate a wide variety of organic, complex (organometallic) molecules and metallic nanoparticles stabilized by organic ligands in the inorganic or inorganic/organic hybrid matrix. Studies of this new type of inorganic/organic composite have evolved towards the deliberate doping of the supramolecular species. This review gives three examples of how doped xerogel materials prepared by the sol-gel method are emerging as an important means of producing new materials. The first part of this review is devoted to luminescent materials which are based on the antenna effect and are composed of Eu(III) complex (luminescence centre) entrapped in xerogel matrix. In this case results of the experiments concerning the coordination sphere composition show that a cryptand ligand with aromatic groups and an aromatic co-ligand, settle efficient action the antenna effect and isolate the central ion from each efficient quenchers, as e.g. water molecules. Secondly, silica xerogel samples with entrapped series of three fluorescent chemosensors of the Ant-R-Ant type, where Ant is an anthryl group and R is a receptor (spacer) with donor atoms, were prepared as chemical recognition phases. The recognition phase with fluorosensor of the type Ant- N-O-O-N-Ant, where N and O are donor atoms, can be regenerated many times and seems to be most promising system for the fluorescent chemical sensor. In the third part of this paper, ligand protected metal nanoclusters as immobilized catalysts are the point of interest. This type of heterogeneous catalysts are much less investigated than the bare metal particles on supports. The main interest is focused on the function of the ligands.

7

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials doped with lithium ions

100%

Żelazowska E. , Borczuch-Laczka M. , Rysiakiewicz-Pasek E.

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2008

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tom Vol. 38, nr 1

137-146

EN

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials have been synthesized by the sol-gel method, using tetraethyl orthosilicate TEOS), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), net-polyacrylic-inter-net-polysiloxane, butyl acrylate, ethyl acetoacetate, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and LiClO4 precursors and additives. Mass fractions of the organic additions in the gels were of ca 35-40 mass%. The hybrid materials obtained were amorphous, colourless, transparent or translucent, with room temperature ionic conductivities in a range of 10-4-10-3 omega-1cm-1. The results of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 29Si MAS Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis have revealed [SiO4] tetrahedrons polycondensation strongly influenced by organic precursors and chemical bonding between organic and inorganic parts of the gels obtained.

8

Zastosowanie powłok tlenkowych typu SiO2 w celu zwiększenia odporności korozyjnej stopu magnezu AZ91

89%

Grobelny M. , Kalisz M. , Dytkowicz B.

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2011

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tom nr 6

264-266

PL

Stopy magnezu zaliczane są do grupy metali lekkich o małym ciężarze właściwym i o dużej plastyczności, module sprężystości pozwalające na przenoszenie dużych obciążeń. W celu zwiększenia odporności korozyjnej stopów magnezu bardzo często wykorzystuje się chemiczne oraz fizyczne metody obróbki powierzchni, polegające głównie na wytworzeniu powłok stanowiących barierę pomiędzy metalem, a otaczającym środowiskiem. Powłoki te wykonuje się w celu czasowego zabezpieczenia metalu przed korozją oraz w celu zwiększenia przyczepności powłok malarskich. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ powłok tlenkowych typu SiO2 wytworzonych w różnych procesach na właściwości korozyjne stopu magnezu AZ91. Powłoki wykonano z zastosowaniem procesu chemicznego opartego na zjawisku żelowania typu "zol-żel" oraz w procesie osadzania chemicznego wspomaganego plazmą (PECVD). Właściwości korozyjne badanych materiałów określono na podstawie analizy krzywych woltamperometrycznych. Wykonano również badania mikroskopowe z zastosowaniem technik SEM/EDS. Najlepszymi właściwościami korozyjnymi charakteryzowała się powłoka o grubości 1100 nm wytworzona w procesie PECVD. Jednakże dla wszystkich powłok SiO2 zaobserwowano występowanie korozji wżerowej.

EN

Magnesium alloys are currently considered as light alloys with good weight - strengthratio and good cast ability, weld ability, possibility of high speed milling, recycling ability. However, poor corrosion resistance requires the use of surface treatment. The paper presents the study of corrosion properties of magnesium alloy AZ91 with SiO2 coatings. The coatings were produced in the radio frequency plasma PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) and in sol-gel process. Corrosion resistance of the coatings were performed by means of voltamertic measurements (polarization curves) carried out in sodium chlorate solutions. Surfaces of the coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The smallest corrosion current densities for sample AZ91 with PECVD coatings were obtained. However, for all samples with oxide coatings pitting corrosion were obtained.

9

Superconducting properties of YBCO coated conductors produced by inkjet printing

89%

Juda K. L. , Woźniak M. , Mosiadz M. , Hopkins S. C. , Głowacki B. A. , Janowski T.

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2012

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tom R. 88, nr 7a

161-163

EN

Current methods of producing YBa2Cu3O7-[delta] coated conductors (YBCO CC) require expensive processing. A new technology combining chemical solution deposition (TFA-MOD) with inkjet printing, demonstrated successfully in this paper as confirmed by Hall probe magnetometry, shows considerable potential as a cost-effective replacement. The flexible control of ink stoichiometry and rheology, and the ease of introducing additions, offered by CSD inkjet printing has the potential to reduce the strong Ic anisotropy of YBCO CCs revealed by goniometric Ic measurements.

PL

Nowa technologia produkcji nadprzewodzących taśm YBa2Cu3O7-[delta], łącząca procedurę chemicznej depozycji roztworu za pomocą drukowania, ma szansę zastąpić obecne, kosztowne metody produkcji. Pomiar magnetometryczny czujnikiem Halla potwierdził nadprzewodnictwo próbki YBCO otrzymanej wyżej wymienioną metodą, która umożliwia łatwą kontrolę stechiometrii i reologii roztworu, a także wprowadzanie dodatkowych komponentów, mających na celu redukcję silnej anizotropii Ic w filmach YBCO, ukazanej przez pomiar goniometryczny.

10

Dynamic strength of vitreous bond grinding wheels made of microcrystalline alumina type sol-gel.

89%

Słowiński B. , Fiks W.

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2006

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tom Vol. 30, nr 1

101-110

EN

Summary The paper presents the results of investigations on the dynamic strength of vitreous bond grinding wheels made of microcrystalline alumina type sol-gel subject to a bursting test. A developed statistical model, giving consideration to the effect of abrasive-grain size, structure, hardness and concentration of microcrystalline sintered alumina SC in the binder material of these tools, has been discussed.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałości dynamicznej ściernic ceramicznych z mikrokrystalicznego korundu spiekanego typu SC, poddawanych próbie rozrywania. Do opracowania wyników wykorzystano model statystyczny, uwzględniający wpływ rozmiarów ziarna ściernego, struktury, twardości oraz zawartości korundu SC w ścierniwie tych narzędzi na ich prędkość graniczną. Na podstawie analizy wyników badania stwierdzono, że wytrzymałość dynamiczna na rozrywanie ściernic z mikrokrystalicznego korundu spiekanego SC zależy w sposób statystycznie istotny od wszystkich uwzględnionych parametrów budowy narzędzi. Największą jednak i jednoznaczną tendencję oddziaływania obserwowano tylko dla rozmiarów ziarna ściernego. Im mniejszy rozmiar ziarna ściernego, tym większą wytrzymałością dynamiczną charakteryzuje się ściernica.

11

The multilayered TiN+Ti2N+aTi(N)/SiO2Ti-O2/hydroxyapatite system on Ti6A14VELI alloy

88%

Surowska B. , Wierzchoń T. , Bieniaś J. , Ossowski M. , Rokita M.

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2007

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tom Vol. 7, nr 3(13)

111-116

EN

The paper presents the possibility of creating new biomaterials through designing bioceramic composite layers on titanium alloy by hybrid method. The TiN+Ti2N+aTi(N) and SiO2-TiO2 layers and finally, hydroxyapatite nano-film were deposited on Ti6A14VELI alloy. The suggested innovative hybrid method: glow-discharge nitriding in connection with other techniques such as sol-gel and electrophoresis and individual properties of each layers can play a significant role in designing the functional properties of medical implants. The preliminary studies indicated that multilayered system with TiN+Ti2N+aTi(N) layer are advantageous from the point of view of obtaining high quality and homogeneity of coatings. The modification of the surface of metal substrate - titanium alloy produced by hybrid method may be au effective way to improve bioactivity and consequently prolong the lifetime of implant.

12

Synthesis and characteristics of nanocrystalline materials in Ti, B, C and N containing system

88%

Biedunkiewicz A. , Figiel P. , Gabriel U. , Sabara M. , Lenart S.

Open Physics

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2011

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tom 9

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nr 2

417-422

EN

In this work, the results of investigations of manufacturing ceramic materials on the basis of Ti, B, C and N containing systems are presented. The nanocrystalline ceramics were synthesized using a non-hydrolytic sol-gel method. The process was carried out in two stages. In the first low-temperature stage the precursor was obtained. The synthesis of ceramic phases, however, was conducted in the second high-temperature stage, in an argon atmosphere. Depending on the initial composition of the mixtures, the temperature and the time, the following products were obtained: TiCx, TiCxN1−x, TiB2 and B4C. The course of the process was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry methods (TG-DSC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The solid state products were identified with use of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The size of the crystallites was estimated by the Scherrer method. The structure and morphology images of nanocrystalline powders were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

13

Właściwości powłok hydroksyapatytowych wytwarzanych metodą zol-żel na podłożach tytanowych

75%

Pietrzyk B. , Komorowski J.

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tom Vol. 31, nr 4

1170-1172

PL

Hydroksyapatyt (HAp) ze względu na chemiczne podobieństwo do mineralnego składnika kości jest jednym z najbardziej interesujących biomateriałów ceramicznych. W niniejszej pracy powłoki HAp wytwarzano metodą zol-żel na podłożach tytanowych. Przeprowadzono badania morfologii (SEM, AFM), właściwości mechanicznych i adhezji (nanoindenter) oraz budowy chemicznej powłok (FTIR). Uzyskano powłoki o złożonej budowie, korzystnej ze względu na zastosowania biomedyczne. Z analizy widm FTIR wynika, że otrzymano powłoki hydroksyapatytu węglanowego o słabym stopniu krystalizacji z grupami węglanowymi o typie substytucji A i B.

EN

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the most interesting ceramic biomaterials because of its chemical similarity to mineral part of natural bone. In this work HAp coatings were deposited by the sol-gel method on titanium substrates. The study of surface morphology (SEM, AFM), mechanical properties and adhesion (nanoindenter), as well as chemical structure (FTIR) of films were performed. The coatings with complex morphology have been obtained which could be beneficial for medical applications. On the base of FTIR spectra analysis it was found that HAP carbonate coatings with week stage of crystallization were produced. Carbonate groups were localized in A-type and B-type substitution.

14

Analiza procesu wytwarzania proszków SiC metodą zol-żel

75%

Biedunkiewicz A. , Figiel P. , Gabriel U. , Sabara M.

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tom Vol. 31, nr 4

879-883

PL

Przedstawiono problematykę wytwarzania proszków SiC metodą zol-żel. Jako prekursor stosowano Si(OC2H5)4 - TEOS. Produkt hydrolizy i kondensacji, tj. nSiO2 stanowił substrat w procesie redukcji karbotermicznej. Jako reduktor zastosowano węgiel aktywny. Karbotermiczną redukcję prowadzono w argonie w wysokiej temperaturze. Zastosowano następujące techniki badawcze: XRD, TG-DSC-MS. Określono sposob przebiegu procesu, zidentyfikowano produkty pośrednie i końcowe, wyznaczono etapy procesu oraz temperaturowe zakresy ich przebiegu. Wyniki tych badań stanowią podstawę do opracowania technologii wytwarzania węglików krzemu metodą zol-żel w formie proszków.

EN

The range of problems concerning SiC powders manufacturing by sol-gel method has been presented. Si(OC2H5)4 - TEOS was used as precursor. The product of hydrolysis was a substrate in carbothermic reduction process. Active carbon was used as reductant. Carbothermic reduction was carried out under argon at high temperature. The following techniques were applied: XRD, TG-DSC-MS. The ways of process courses were determined, intermediate and final products were identified and the stages of the process along with the temperature ranges of their courses were established. The results of these investigations form the basis for elaboration of technology of silicon carbide powders manufacturing by sol-gel method.

15

Analiza procesu syntezy Mo2C w układzie (NH4)6Mo7O24ź4H2O-węgiel aktywny

75%

Sabara M. , Biedunkiewicz A.

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tom Vol. 32, nr 4

699-702

PL

Przedstawiono analizę syntezy węglika molibdenu (Mo2C) przy różnych parametrach wyjściowych procesu. Na podstawie diagramów równowagi fazowej układu MoO3-C ustalano skład początkowy próbek. Metodą zol-żel (Stobera) otrzymano próbki do karbotermicznej redukcji. Jako prekursory stosowano (NH4)5Mo7O24ź4H2O i węgiel aktywny. Karbotermiczną redukcję prowadzono w argonie w 1000 i 1250°C w piecu i w aparacie TG. Skład fazowy próbek określono metodą XRD. Na podstawie pomiarów termograwimetrycznych, podczas których identyfikowano także produkty gazowe metodą spektrometrii masowej, przeanalizowano kinetykę procesu.

EN

Analysis of the synthesis of molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) at various initial parameters of the process had been presented. Basing on phase equilibrium diagrams of MoO3-C the composition of initial samples has been determined. Samples to carbothermal reduction was obtained by sol-gel method (Stober). (NH4)5Mo7O24ź4H2O and active carbon were used as precursors. Carbothermal reduction was carried in argon at 1000 and 1250°C in the furnace and in the TG apparatus. Phase composition of samples was determined by XRD method. Basing on thermogravimetric measurements combined with mass spectrometry was determined kinetics of process.

16

Thermal Effect of Er³⁺ Ions Embedded in Smart Nano-Composite Oxide Material Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique

75%

Battisha I. , Ayoub M. , Hashem A. , Ahmed E. , Amin A.

Acta Physica Polonica A

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2017

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tom 132

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nr 4

1277-1283

EN

The phosphosilicate for planar waveguides fabrication by using sol-gel, and particularly erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers, is reviewed. In particular, efforts to use sol-gel to improve molecular homogeneity in Er-doped phosphosilicate-based monolith and thin films will be discussed. A variety of material studies was carried out to investigate and optimize the sample preparation condition for such application. These include X-ray diffraction, the Fourier transform infrared and optical transmittance, absorption and refractive index calculation. The erbium nitrate precursors use is shown to alter the Er³⁺ ions doping in the prepared samples thermally treated in the final monolith glass form, in comparison to the use of thin film phosphosilicate sol-gel sample. Excess heat treatment is used to force prepared samples crystallization, moreover resulting photoluminescence analysis is used to detect the co-operative-up-conversion sample properties before and after heating.

17

Spectroscopic studies on the inclusion complexes of etrakis(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)porphyrin with a-cyclodextrin in solution and in sol-gel matrix

75%

Ribeiro A. O. , Neri C. R. , Iamamoto Y. , Serra O. A.

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2002

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tom Vol. 20, No. 1

21-27

EN

Tetrakis(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)porphyrin included in A-cyclodextrin (A-CD) photophysics was studied in aqueous media, in solid state and entrapped in a sol-gel matrix. The equilibrium constant of the pair porphyrin/A-CD was evaluated as 1.22x105 mol-1xdm-3. The nitroporphyrin was reduced to aminoporphyrin, included into the A-CD and then entrapped in the Si-O matrix network. The tetrakisporphyrin maintained its luminescent properties (with emission bands at 658 and 713 nm, excited at 422 nm) in all environments, indicating a structural stability under the experimental conditions.

18

Electrochemical redox reactions in solvated silica sol-gel glass

75%

Opallo M.

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2002

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tom Vol. 20, No. 1

7-14

EN

The studies of the electrochemical redox reactions in solvated silica sol-gel glass were reviewed. The methodology of the experiments with emphasis on the direct preparation of the solid electrolyte and the application ultramicroelectrodes was described. Generally, the level of the electrochemical signal is not much below that observed in liquid electrolyte. The current depends on time elapsed after gelation, namely the longer time, the smaller current. The differences between electrochemical behaviour of the redox couples in monoliths and thin layers were described.

19

Redispersable nanopowders for wet chemical coating processes. Application to transparent conducting coatings

75%

Al-Dahoudi N. , Aegerter M. A.

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2002

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tom Vol. 20, No. 1

71-79

EN

In2O3:Sn (ITO) sols made of crystalline nanoparticles fully redispersable in an ethanol solution containing hydrolyzed organosilanes have been developed to get thick conducting transparent and antiglare coatings on substrates which do not withstand high temperature such as plastics (PMMA, polycarbonate) and already processed glasses. The coatings were deposited by spin, dip and spray coating processes and cured by UV irradiation and/or by a low temperature heat treatment (T = 130 °C) in air and reducing atmosphere. Their electrical, optical, textural and mechanical properties are reported. Stable sheet resistance as low as 2 kO ?was obtained with a single 500 nm thick transparent layer. Antiglare-antistatic coatings exhibiting similar sheet resistance, a gloss of 60-70 GU, a clarity of 75-90% and an optical resolution > 8 lines/mm were obtained by a room temperature spraying process. The abrasion resistance of the transparent coatings is in agreement with DIN 58196 G10 - class 1, the adhesion with DIN 58196-K2 (tape test) and the pencil hardness (ASTM D 3363-92a) is 1H.

20

Zastosowanie procesu zol-żel do pokrywania powierzchni włókien węglowych warstwą SiO2

63%

Olszówka-Myalska A. , Botor-Probierz A. , Krzak-Roś J. , Łukowiak A. , Rzychoń T.

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2009

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tom R. 9, nr 4

332-336

PL

Przedstawiono koncepcję zastosowania metody zol-żel do otrzymywania cienkich powłok SiO2 na włóknach węglowych w celu modyfikacji ich właściwości technologicznych pod kątem aplikacji w kompozytach z osnową metalową. Jako materiał węglowy użyto włókna FT 300B w postaci granulatu uzyskanego z włókien ciętych izometrycznie rozmieszczonych przestrzennie. Powłokę krzemionkową otrzymano, stosując metodę zol-żel. Hydrolizat SiO2 przygotowano z prekursorów metaloorganicznych (tetrametoksysilan, fenylotrietoksysilan). Do charakterystyki struktury warstwy wykorzystano metody skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM-FE HITACHI 4200-S i SEM HITACHI S-3400N z systemem EDS Thermo Noran System SIX) oraz rentgenowskiej analizy fazowej (JEOL JDX-7S). Stwierdzono możliwość uzyskania równomiernej powłoki na włóknach oraz tylko niewielki efekt sczepiania włókien powłoką. Analiza EDS potwierdziła obecność w powłoce krzemu i tlenu. Otrzymana powłoka o grubości ok. 100 nm charakteryzowała się budową amorficzną i nie obserwowano jej łuszczenia się ani odspajania do podłoża węglowego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na celowość weryfikacji przydatności powłoki w kształtowaniu mikrostruktury połączenia materiał węglowy-stopy metali.

EN

In the article the sol-gel technique was proposed for deposition of SiO2 layer on carbon fibers as a method for potential application in technology of metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon fibres. During the process of layer formation two silicon precursors the tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) and phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTEOS) and additionally the ethanol with the mol ratio as 1:0.8:5. (TMOS:PhTEOS:EtOH). Hydrolysate was deposited on the granules of FT 300B carbon fibers. Granules of short fibers with 3D isometric distribution were prepared from cutted roving of carbon fibers. The thin SiO2 layer was formed during immersion of carbon material in metaloorganic solution. After sol-gel process the macroscopic properties of carbon fibers granules were not changed and bridging effect was observed very seldom. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FE HITACHI 4200-S and HITACHI S-3400N with EDS Thermo Noran System SIX) and X-ray diffraction (JEOL JDX-7S) methods were used for structural investigations. The uniform, adherent and crack-free layer was formed. The thickness of a layer was estimated on the 100 nm level. The effect of fibers bridging was observed by SEM very seldom. The EDS results from the surface of coated fibers confirmed the signals of silicon and oxygen. By the XRD method no crystalline phase was identified. Therefore it can be concluded that the amorphous layer of SiO2 was deposited on the carbon fibers. It is in good agreement with own results for SiO2 sol-gel coatings without thermal stabilization deposited on silicon semiconductors and optical sensors and literature data for SiO2 coatings deposited on carbon fibers. Presented results showed the usability of sol-gel method for modification of carbon fibers surface by SiO2 nanosize coating.