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EN
A set of medium-scale historical maps was used to reconstruct changes in spatial patterns of forest area during the last 220 years in an agricultural matrix of north-eastern Europe (Zemgale region, Latvia). Changes in total forest area by soils were determined, as well as the time period of continuous forest cover. Proportion of protected area for each soil trophic group was also calculated. Patterns of recent forest development differed between soil trophic groups. Afforestation occurred mainly on wet and poor soils in the 19th and 20th centuries, while the proportion of woodland area on fertile soils typical for nemoral forests was fairly stable. Only 1% of the fertile soil area has been covered by continuous forest for more than 220 years, and only 11% of them are protected. Nemoral deciduous forests cover only 15% of their potential natural vegetation area of forested eutrophic soils. Therefore, in regard to habitat protection that is representative of natural distribution of ecosystems, priority in conservation should be given to forests on fertile soils.
EN
The relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity and the soil erosion process are evident. However, the problem has not been so far sufficiently addressed in research, especially for typical Polish soils. Our paper presents the results of a modeling study on soil erosion losses and saturated hydraulic conductivity that was carried out in natural rainfall events on the 10 most typical farming soil types in Poland. The results show the relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil losses and saturated hydraulic conductivity jointly with sand texture group and soil losses. The conclusion is that the studies dealing with measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity may be applied to assess soil erosion losses.
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