Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Determination of the initial 137Cs fallout on the areas contaminated by Chernobyl fallout

100%

Poręba G. J. , Bluszcz A.

Geochronometria

|

2007

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tom Vol. 26

35-38

EN

The fallout radioisotope 137Cs is widely used to study rates and patterns of soil redistribution. This method requires the knowledge about the initial fallout of cesium in the study area. This paper describes the method of establishing the initial fallout of cesium for a study area which is contaminated by Chernobyl fallout. The study was carried out on the loess area near the Ujazd village (South-West Poland). The 137Cs activities for reference soil cores varied from 4.41(24) kBq/m2 to 5.97(26) kBq/m2. The average value of the reference inventory of 137Cs for the study area is 5.23(15) kBq/m2. The calculated contribution of the Chernobyl 137Cs fallout in the total cesium is equal 69 %. Moreover the annual values of the 137Cs fallout based on the precipitation data were calculated and presented. This study provides the method of calculating the 137Cs fallout connected with the nuclear weapon testing based on the precipitation data. Moreover, this study also indicated that the spatial variability on the highly contaminated by Chernobyl cesium study area is small (RSD about 10%) and thus it is possible to use the cesium method to study soil redistribution.

2

The human impact on soil erosion and gul ling in the Moldavian Plateau, Romania

80%

Ionita I.

Landform Analysis

|

2011

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tom Vol. 17

71-73

EN

Soil erosion, gullying and landslides have been recognized as the major environmental threats in the Moldavian Plateau of Eastern Romania. Five stages of land degradation over the last two centuries can be depicted, namely:i) a preparing stage for future land degradation (1829–1999) when the most dynamic change of the native landscape was recorded; ii) a transitory stage (1900–1920) associated with the extension of the cultivated land up to 48% of the total area; iii) the climax stage (1921–1970) defined by both the traditional up and down hill farming and the peak rate of land degradation during 1960's; iv) a decreasing tendency of land degradation (1971-1990) as a result of the extension of conservation practices and the rainfall pattern; v) the present-day revival of land degradation associated to the Act no. 18/1991 when up and down hill farming under small plots is on the screen again. The main objective of this study was to define the process:based erosion and sedimentation by providing quantitative information from long-term field measurements in small catchments.

3

Effect of Unitary Soil Tillage Energy on Soil Aggregate Structure and Erosion Vulnerability

80%

Wojciechowski T. , Mazur A. , Przybylak A. , Piechowiak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2020

|

tom Vol. 21, nr 3

180--185

EN

The integrated soil tillage developed in the Institute of Biosystem Engineering is based on a single pass of basic tillage, secondary tillage and sowing or planting. The integrated soil tillage enables to achieve a relatively high mechanical strength of the soil. An important element of the technology is the use of tillage roller sets which significantly influence the obtained aggregate structure and its eolic resistance. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of roller speed under various soil moisture conditions on the aggregate structure of the arable soil layer. The research was carried out on the production field in Dziećmierowo, Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Poland, on medium soil with the mechanical composition of light clay. During the research, cultivation sets with two units of Campell + Croskill platelet and studded rollers were used. For two actual soil moisture levels and five speeds within the range of 3–7 km/h, the influence of unit tillage energy at three levels of the cultivating layer (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–15 cm) was analyzed on the aggregate structure of soil and the content of aggregates with the highest resistance to wind erosion. The results of the work lead to the conclusions that it is possible to use the working speed and overloading of rollers set in integrated soil tillage trailer to manipulate the process of forming an optimal, erosion-resistant soil layer. However, it should be pointed out that for even very similar types of roller sets, the process control under different soil moisture conditions may be different and require an individual test.

4

Caesium-137 as a soil erosion tracer: a review

80%

Poręba G. J.

Geochronometria

|

2006

|

tom Vol. 25

37-46

EN

This paper describes a method of soil erosion and soil movement measurements using 137Cs as a tracer. This technique has been used successfully employed for more than 30 years. Caesium-137 is a valuable tracer to study soil erosion. Its chemical and biological movement in soil is limited. Practically all redeposition of caesium-137 in soil after fallout occurs with soil particles due to strong fixation of caesium onto soil particles. This technique overcomes many problems of the traditional techniques to study soil erosion. First of all, this technique gives quantitative results of soil erosion and deposition for the medium-term (about 40 years). Moreover, these results are possible to obtain in a relatively short time compared to the traditional methods. The 137Cs method to obtain quantitative value of soil erosion and deposition requires the availability of undisturbed sites to obtain the reference value of 137Cs fallout for the study area and a numerical relationship. Currently, there are many calibration relationships available and the calculation of the soil erosion from 137Cs activity data strongly depends on the chosen relationship and the parameters that were used for a particular model.

5

Soil erosion rate and hazard level at the Sianjo-anjo Reservoir watershed in Indonesia

80%

Gusma F. , Azmeri A. , Jemi F. Z. , Rahmatan H.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

tom no. 57

181--187

EN

The Sianjo-anjo reservoir is used to meet the need for downstream clean water. Land activity at the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed can potentially increase the rate of erosion and the silting of rivers and reservoirs due to sedimentation. Reservoir siltation is a crucial challenge for reservoir management because it can reduce its function and affect its service life. However, sediment yield is often overlooked in reservoir planning and environmental assessment. This study aims to predict the rate of land erosion and sediment yield, and create an erosion hazard map of the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed. The study used a Geographic Information System, GIS-based Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method and discovered that the erosion rate of the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed was between 35.23 Mg∙ha-1∙y-1 until 455.08 Mg∙ha-1∙y-1, with 95.85% classified as the low level, 0.03% as moderate, and 4.12% as high. Meanwhile, the sediment yield from the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed was 218,812.802 Mg∙y-1. USLE is vital to identify areas susceptible to erosion and crucial for reservoir sustainability. Furthermore, it is necessary to plan good sediment management. Long-term land conservation is required to maintain storage capacity and ensure effective operation of the reservoir.

6

Wielkość erozji wodnej obliczona metodą USLE

80%

Kowalczyk A. , Twardy S.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

|

2012

|

tom T. 12, z. 1

83-92

PL

W pracy określono ilość erodowanej gleby metodą standardową, opracowaną przez Wischmeiera i Smitha, zmodyfikowaną przez Barriosa i zmodyfikowaną przez Jianguo Ma, na długości cieku głównego. Na podstawie wyników ze zlewni Bystrzycy Dusznickiej stwierdzono, że maksymalne natężenie erozji wodnej gleb występuje na terenach użytkowanych rolniczo. Wyniki uzyskane za pomocą omawianego modelu USLE (ang. "Universal soil loss equation") wg Barriosa różnią się o ok. 17% od uzyskanych z zastosowaniem pozostałych metod, co wynika ze sposobu obliczania współczynników L i S. Przeprowadzono również obliczenia, dotyczące wpływu zmian sposobu uprawy, z których wynika, że korzystniejsze jest wykonywanie zabiegów uprawnych (orki i innych) wzdłuż warstwic. Zmniejszyło to masę erodowanej gleby o 33% dla standardowej wersji modelu, a dla pozostałych metod o ok. 71%.

EN

In this work the water erosion magnitude was estimated by the standard method developed by Wischmeier and Smith, modified by Barrios and Jianguo Ma on the length of the main watercourse. On the basis on the results for the Bystrzyca Dusznicka catchment it was found that the maximal intensity of the soil water erosion occurs in the agriculturally utilised land. The results obtained using the discussed USLE model (Universal soil loss equation) by Barrios differs from the values obtained using the other methods of about 17%. This is the result ofthe differences in methods for calculating the L and S coefficients. A simulation of changes of different kinds of land use has also been made. It was concluded that the most favourable is contour cultivation.

7

Impact of upstream sediment inflow on headcut morphodynamics

80%

Wells R. R. , Bennett S. J. , Alonso C. V.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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tom Vol. 17

225-227

EN

Headcut erosion can severely accelerate soil loss in upland concentrated flows and lead to significant soil degradation in agricultural areas. Previous experimental work has demonstrated that actively migrating headcuts display systematic morphodynamic behavior, and impinging jet theory can provide an excellent theoretical foundation for this erosional phenomenon. This research sought to examine systematically the effect of an upstream sediment inflow on the morphodynamics of actively migrating headcuts in upland concentrated flows. Using a specially designed experimental facility, actively migrating headcuts were allowed to develop, and then subjected to an upstream sediment load composed of sand. As the upstream sediment feed rate increased, the size and migration rate of the headcut decreased markedly, but sediment discharge was less affected. The headcut erosion process was arrested as sediment inflow rates increased above a threshold value. As sediment feed rate upstream of the headcut increased, sediment size fraction downstream of the headcut also increased. This research suggests that headcut erosion can be greatly modulated by an upstream sediment source, further complicating the prediction of soil erosion on upland areas.

8

Changes of soil microrelief under the influence of simulated rainfall

80%

Baryła A. , Stańczyk T.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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tom nr IV/4

1723--1731

EN

Soil microrelief is one of the factors affecting wind and water erosion process. Spatial variability of soil surface (microrelief) influences initiation of the surface runoff and water flow mainly through depressions, where the runoff is delayed and infiltration increases owing to the interception of the flowing water. The research was conducted to assess the changes of relief of two soils (sandy loam and fine sand) under the influence of rainfall in a model experiment. The soil microrelief was determined by means of a contactless 3D scanner using the effect of line distortion as light beam illuminating the object surface (so called Moire pattern). On the basis of obtained results, maps of the differences in the scanned surface elevations were plotted in ArcGIS programme and the soil losses volume was computed. RR indicator calculated for sandy loam was decreasing with increasing depth of simulated rainfall. No such dependence was observed for loose sand.

9

Surface erosion hazard and sediment yield for Keuliling Reservoir in Indonesia

80%

Azmeri A. , Nurbaiti N. , Mawaddah N. , Yunita H. , Jemi F. Z. , Sundary D.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2022

|

tom no. 52

108--118

EN

The construction of the Keuliling Reservoir aims to accommodate and utilise water for agricultural purposes. In this research, soil erosion modelling using the USLE method showed that the level of erosion hazard for each Keuliling Reservoir sub-watershed was classified into low-moderate. Land erosion occurred in the area around the reservoir inundation is the most significant contribution to the magnitude of erosion (38.62Mg∙ha-1y-1. Based on the point of sediment sampling in the Keuliling reservoir, the sediment volume was 1.43 Mg∙m-3. So, the volumetric sediment input from the Keuliling reservoir watershed is 20.918,32 m3∙y-1. The degradation of reservoir function due to sedimentation can affect reservoir services. The ability to estimate the rate of watershed surface erosion and sediment deposition in the reservoir is vital for reservoir sustainability. Besides the land erosion in the Keuliling Reservoir, there are also other potential sources of erosion that can reduce the capacity of the reservoir, i.e. the rate of sedimentation from a reservoir cliff landslide. The USLE estimation results show that the soil erosion analysis provides important and systematic information about nature, intensity and spatial distribution in the watershed and sediment volume in the Keuliling Reservoir. This finding allows the identification of the most vulnerable areas and the type of erosion dominant for long-term land management.

10

Zadtosowanie geodezyjnych metod pomiarowych do badania erozji gleb

80%

Jagielski A.

Przegląd Geodezyjny

|

1998

|

tom R. 70, nr 7

8-9

11

Impact of rainfall intensity on soil erosion based on experimental research

70%

Majewski M. , Czuchaj A. , Marciniak M.

Landform Analysis

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 42

25--36

EN

Soil erosion by water is influenced by a major morphogenetic factor – precipitation. Surface runoff, initiated by rainfall, plays a key role in this process. This article addresses the effects of rainfall intensity and soil moisture on soil erosion through a series of rainfall simulations of different intensity and duration. The implementation of measurements at a research station located in the Różany Stream catchment in Poznań made it possible to study the entire water balance within the slope, including precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff and infiltration. The study included various rainfall intensities, with a focus on extreme events reflecting ongoing climate change and increasing anthropopressure. Rainfall simulations were conducted on both dry and wet ground. The results showed that increasing rainfall intensity led to greater surface runoff and soil loss. Moreover, soil moisture was identified as a critical factor affecting soil erosion, with wetter conditions reducing soil loss while increasing surface runoff.

12

A multicriteria approach to different land use scenarios in the Western Carpathians with the SWAT model

70%

Kowalczyk A. W. , Grabowska-Polanowska B. , Garbowski T. , Kopacz M. , Lach S. , Mazur R.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

tom no. 57

130--139

EN

Water erosion in mountainous areas is a major problem, especially on steep slopes exposed to intense precipitation. This paper presents the analysis of the topsoil loss using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. The SWAT model is a deterministic catchment model with a daily time step. It was designed to anticipate changes taking place in the catchment area, such as climate change and changes in land use and development, including the quantity and quality of water resources, soil erosion and agricultural production. In addition to hydrological and environmental aspects, the SWAT model is used to address socio-economic and demographic issues, such as water supply and food production. This program is integrated with QGIS software. The results were evaluated using the following statistical coefficients: determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliff model efficiency (NS), and percentage deviation index (PBIAS). An assessment of modelling results was made in terms of their variation according to different land cover scenarios. In the case of the scenario with no change in use, the average annual loss of topsoil (average upland sediment yield) was found to be 14.3 Mg∙ha-1. The maximum upland sediment yield was 94.6 Mg∙ha-1. On the other hand, there is an accumulation of soil material in the lower part of the catchment (in-stream sediment change), on average 13.27 Mg∙ha-1 per year.

13

The development of ephemeral gullies in cultivated areas of Wiśnicz Foothills, Poland

70%

Święchowicz J.

Landform Analysis

|

2011

|

tom Vol. 17

209-214

EN

Ephemeral gullies most frequently form and develop on cultivated slopes in natural drainage lines or they are associated with man-made agricultural activities like field borders, furrows, tractor traces and cart roads. The paper presents the results of ephemeral gullies studies carried out in hydrological years 1998-2009 on cultivated slopes in the Wiśnicz Foothills. Ephemeral gullies usually form and develop during single rain or several subsequent rains of high erosivity (of several hundred MJ mm ha-1 h -1) on long cultivated slopes, particularly at the beginning of vegetation period, when most slopes are devoid of vegetation cover or plants are in the inicial stage of growth.

14

Estimation of soil erosion on cultivated fields on the hilly Meghalaya Plateau, North-East India

70%

Poręba G. J. , Prokop P.

Geochronometria

|

2011

|

tom Vol. 38, no. 1

77-84

EN

The estimation of soil erosion rates in complex subtropical agricultural systems of hilly environment is difficult and most of the traditional methods have serious limitations. The 137Cs technique allows to obtain relatively quickly retrospective medium term soil erosion results. The objective of this study was using 137Cs approach to quantify soil loss under agricultural system which develops under growing human pressure on the hilly terrain of the Meghalaya Plateau. The measured values of caesium inventory for all sampling points are between 2% and 63% of the reference value of caesium inventory. The estimated annual soil loss for sampling points located on the slope are between 29 and 79 Mgźha-1źyr-1 in the case of an improved mass balance model. It means that soil erosion in this manually tilled agricultural area cannot be neglected.

15

Elemental Metals in Agricultural Soils Along Two Tributaries of Chaohu Lake: Implication on Soil Erosion Caused Enrichment in Sediments

70%

Xie F.-Z. , Zhang D.-D. , Wang J.-Z.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2022

|

tom Vol. 23, iss. 1

241-253

EN

Agricultural soil as a potential source of input of heavy metals into the lacustrine sediments of Chaohu Lake via soil erosion and weathering has not been well documented. In the present study, rice soil samples along two main tributaries of Chaohu Lake were collected to determine 30 metal elements which were compared with the data on the elements in surface sediments of Chaohu Lake to explore the impacts of soil erosion on the accumulation in the sediments. The results showed that the concentrations of most elements were less than their soil background values of Anhui Province, but Se, Sb, Sn, As, and Ba were greater than the corresponding background values. Furthermore, these elements except for Sc in the soils appeared a low variability in spatial distribution. Enrichment factor (EF) also suggested that most elements were minimally enriched, but Se, Th and As were found with moderate enrichment in the study areas. More than 90% of agricultural soils were not expected with significant contamination by the residual elements based upon the consideration of pollution level index (PLI) combining probabilistic density function. Compared with the residual elements in the surface sediments of Chaohu Lake, most elements (Ti, Mn, Zr, Sr, Zn, Ga, Hf, U, Se, Sn, Nb, Th, V, Cd) appeared depletion in agricultural soils but enrichment in sediments. Specially for Cd, it was not detectable in all soils samples, but it existed at an extreme average content in the lacustrine sediments. These results possibly implied that elements in agricultural soils in Chaohu Lake were depleted because of soil erosion and weathering during long-term agricultural practice, resulting in enrichment in sediments of the lake. The depletion of elements in soils was predominately due to the fact that these metals existed in the soil with a large mobile fraction. While As, Th and Se moderately accumulated in the soils due to their insusceptibility of transport potentials. Because Sr and U are easier to be leached from soils than Rb and Th, respectively, a greater ratio of Rb/Sr and a lower value of U/Th was found in soil samples than in sediments. Therefore, our study implied agricultural soils could play an important role in the input of heavy metals into sediments via soil erosion and weathering.

16

Soil Erosion Estimation Using an Empirical Model, Hypsometric Integral and Geo-Information Science – A Case Study

70%

Maliqi E. , Kumar N. , Latifi L. , Singh S. K.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2023

|

tom Vol. 24, iss. 4

62--72

EN

An approach that integrates the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques was used to determine the soil erosion vulnerability of a forested mountainous watershed. The spatial pattern of annual soil loss rate was obtained by integrating geo-environmental variables in a raster data format based geoinformatics methods and tools. Thematic layers including rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodability (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cover management (C), and conservation practice (P) factors were computed to determine their effects on average annual soil loss in the Mitrovica city. The serial thematic map of annual soil erosion shows a maximum soil loss of 112.61 ton·ha-1·y-1 with a close relation to grass land areas, degraded forests and deciduous forests on the steep side-slopes (with high LS). The geographic age of the region shown by the hypsometric analysis was mature to old stage. The serial erosion maps compiled with the RUSLE model and GIS can serve as effective inputs in deriving strategies for land planning and management in terms of environment concerns.

17

Non-prismatic channels for reducing shear stress

70%

Haddad S.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2022

|

tom no. 52

87--94

EN

To reduce the sediment transport capacity, shear stress needs to be reduced as well. The article describes work that has been done to find a way to make these reductions possible. The theoretical study and the approach proposed allowed us to obtain a general equation that determines conditions and calculates the most important parameters which support the reduction of shear stress. This describes the mechanism that erodes soils by free surface water flow. In a similar vein, we have shown that adding a short non-prismatic channel to the entrance of a prismatic channel, which has the same geometric shape, is a very powerful way to reduce shear stress. With the idea of reducing shear stress, we have shown that the water-surface profile type plays a key role and must therefore be included in future reflections on reducing the importance of shear stress. Additionally, the notion of efficiency was introduced that allows to evaluate the expected gain after the reduction of shear stress and adding a short non-prismatic channel. The laws of similarity applied to free surface flows allowed us to obtain an equation with several equivalence scales and compare different geometric shapes in terms of their efficiency in the reduction of shear stress.

18

Role of climatic and anthropogenic factors accelerating soil erosion and fluvial activity in central Europe

70%

Starkel L.

Studia Quaternaria

|

2005

|

tom Vol. 22

27-33

EN

Comparison of climatically controlled phases of higher rainfall and flood frequency with the anthropogenic phases of effective soil erosion documents various overlappings and superpositions. The wetter phase with high frequency of extreme events leads to the transformation of relief, well expressed in the ecotonal zones and in the high mountains. Increased human activity controls an accelerated soil erosion, overbank deposition and tendency to breading. The most distinct changes, leading to the passing of thresholds and transformation of slopes and valley floors are connected with the coincidence of wetter climate and high anthropogenic pressure. Those phases were recognized in Central Europe during the middle Neolithic period, the early phase of the Roman period, the 10th-11th century and the Little Ice Age.

19

Evaluation of Rainfall-Runoff Erosivity Factor for Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia

70%

Abdulkadir T. S. , Mustafa M. R. , Yusof K. W. , Hashim A. M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2016

|

tom Vol. 17, nr 3

1--8

EN

Rainfall-runoff is the active agent of soil erosion which often resulted in land degradation and water quality deterioration. Its aggressiveness to induce erosion is usually termed as rainfall erosivity index or factor (R). R-factor is one of the factors to be parameterized in the evaluation of soil loss using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and its reversed versions (USLE/RUSLE). The computation of accurate R-factor for a particular watershed requires high temporal resolution rainfall (pluviograph) data with less than 30-minutes intensities for at least 20 yrs, which is available only in a few regions of the world. As a result, various simplified models have been proposed by researchers to evaluate R-factor using readily available daily, monthly or annual precipitation data. This study is thus aimed at estimating R-factor and to establish an approximate relationship between R-factor and rainfall for subsequent usage in the estimation of soil loss in Cameron highlands watershed. The results of the analysis showed that the least and peak (critical) R-factors occurred in the months of January and April with 660.82 and 2399.18 MJ mm ha-1 h-1year-1 respectively. Also, it was observed that erosivity power starts to increase from the month of January through April before started falling in the month of July. The monthly and annual peaks (critical periods) may be attributed to increased rainfall amount due to climate change which in turn resulted to increased aggressiveness of rains to cause erosion in the study area. The correlation coefficient of 0.985 showed that there was a strong relationship rainfall and R-factor.

20

Assessment of soil erosion in the catchment of two combined closed depressions in the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland)

70%

Rafalska-Przysucha A. , Rejman J.

Acta Agrophysica

|

2015

|

tom 22

|

nr 1

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intensity of soil erosion within the catchment of two closed depressions in the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland). The amount of erosion was assessed from the depth of accumulated soil material, and the calculated amount was related to the time of agricul-tural land use. The studies were carried out in the catchment of the area of 0.54 ha. Within the catchment, 75 intact soil cores were taken and analysed to determine the depth of soil horizons and accumulated soil material. Depositional soils were represented by 25 soil cores. The average thickness of the accumulated material was 0.75 m with a maximum of 1.78 m. The results showed that the catchment of two combined closed depressions evolved to the form of a small valley (trough) after 185 years of agricultural use. The volume of soil material accumulated in the catchment, calculated from the thickness of the depositional material in soil profiles collected in a regular grid, was 1797.4 m3, and the volume calculated from the profiles located in transects that crossed the catchment axis was higher by 2%. The average rate of erosion in the catchment of the two combined depressions was 24.3 Mg ha-1

PL

Streszczenie. Celem pracy było określenie natężenia erozji gleby w obrębie zlewni dwóch zagłębień bezodpływowych na Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskim (Wyżyna Lubelska). Wielkość erozji została określona na podstawie miąższości zgromadzonego materiału glebowego. W zlewni o łącznej powierz-chni 0,54 ha pobrano i poddano analizie 75 nienaruszonych rdzeni glebowych, w celu określenia miąż-szości poziomów glebowych oraz zakumulowanego materiału. Gleby deluwialne były reprezentowane przez 25 rdzeni. Średnia miąższość materiału zdeponowanego w zlewni wyniosła 0,75 m, a maksymalna 1,78 m. W ciągu 185 lat użytkowania rolniczego zlewnia zagłębień bezodpływowych uległa przekształ-ceniu w formę niecki. Objętość materiału zgromadzonego w zlewni, obliczona z uwzględnieniem miąż-szości materiału depozycyjnego w profilach pobieranych w regularnej siatce, wyniosła 1797,4 m3, a obliczona na podstawie profili zlokalizowanych w transektach, poprowadzonych wzdłuż i w poprzek osi zlewni była większa o 2%. Średnie roczne tempo erozji w zlewni połączonych zagłębień wyniosło 24,3 Mg.ha-1.rok-1.