Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Colourism, Ethnicism and the Logic of Domination in 21st Century Nigeria

100%

Ogbujah C. N.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2021

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nr 1

23-39

EN

The 2016 launch of the courier giant—Dalsey, Hillblom, and Lynn’s (DHL) Advanced Regional Centre (ARC) in Singapore—was significant not just for the scale of the facility and its impressive level of innovation, but for the visual identity and branding of DHL’s red and yellow corporate colours. These colours, as is evident in all branding, set it out from the rest, and have become a symbol of power and domination. This resonates with the use of colour categories to isolate human beings into unjust classes that manifest divisive social and racial hierarchies. The symbolism of colourism and ethnicism viewed either plainly or as metaphors, lies in the “othering” of fellow human beings for discrimination and scapegoating. The markers are the same, whether in the case of George Floyd or the victims of discrimination and/or recurrent massacres in Nigeria. This essay explores how, by creating a visible barge of “otherness,” the current political leadership either shirked responsibility in the face of discriminations, or contrived excuses for the endless massacre of minorities in Nigeria.

2

Społeczne hierarchie i archeologiczne rankingi grobów. Dyskusja w oparciu o analizy dwóch cmentarzysk z końca epoki brązu w Polsce południowej

86%

Przybyła M.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2014

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tom 60

7-28

EN

Sources and methods. There are some different methods used by archaeologists in order to establish a ranking of grave assemblages, ordered by their more or less subjectively estimated “richness”. The scope of presented paper is an evaluation of these techniques. For this purpose more then 500 grave inventories were analysed, originating from two large cemeteries dated back to the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age transition and located in Southern Poland (Fig. 1). Four absolute methods of scoring (total number of objects made of stone, metal or bone, number of functional categories, “quantity index” – subjective scoring based on the criterion of production cost, approximate weight of metal objects) as well as two relative ones (“splendour index”, “scarcity index”) were subsequently implemented and compared one another. Results. Results obtained by using all techniques are comparable. Correlation indexes counted separately for pairs of different rankings fluctuate usually from 0.8 to 0.9 (Fig. 4-6). It allows us to claim, that in the case of both cemeteries the largest and the most internally diverse grave assemblages, contain also the rarest, the heaviest and the most laborious and material consuming objects. It allows us also to distinguish four separate groups of “richness”, represented on both cemeteries (Fig. 4-5). The “poorest” one is represented by the majority of inventories (about 60%), which may be seen as a “norm” and were equipped with 3-4 vessels of different functional types and sometimes additionally small metal objects (e.g. earrings) as well as burials completely devoided of equipment (about 20-30%). Subsequent analyses showed that number of vessels occurring in grave inventories does not correlate in any way with indexes of their “richness”. However, other interesting correlation is possible to find. Namely, the number and quality of vessels seems to alter among subsequent age categories of deceased (Fig. 9). Particularly, a tendency is observed, that children older then four years are supposed to be equipped often with the whole “adult” set of vessels (cup, bowl, pot and sometimes vase), whilst younger ones got no pottery or only one or two cups. Planigraphy of the sites (Fig. 11-12) showed that burials representing first three groups of “richness” tend to concentrate in small clusters, despite of the facts that they are not restricted to any individual part of the cemeteries. Discussion and conclusions. The last part of of the paper discusses the reliability of grave analyses as a source for studies on social hierarchies within past societies. In relation to cemeteries in question the following interpretation is proposed (with reference to the costly signaling model). All additional objects within grave inventories (i.e. those, which exceeded the “norm”) ware not only the equipment of deceased, but can be linked to conspicuous behaviours in which the giver displayed to the audience (participants of the burial ceremony), that he or she posses an important, but normally hidden attribute. During this ceremonies the precious gift – the token was irreversibly exchanged for immaterial symbolic capital. Although the person of giver is hidden to us, we may speculate about his or her motivation by tracing what was given (the nature of objects which played the role of grave-gifts), to whom was it given (what kind of social relation was supposed to be emphasised by giver) and where, or better in front of whom the giving was performed? On the methodological level, obtained results allow to stress the advantages of both relative methods („splendour index” and “scarcity index”), which combined each other provide the most complementary picture of diversity patterns within collections of grave assemblages.

3

Kozioł ofiarny w fursuitcie. Hierarchia w fandomach na przykładzie furry

72%

Sutkowska A.

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2021

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tom 65

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nr 2

35-51

EN

The following article attempts to demonstrate how fandoms can be regarded as communities which – despite the initial diagnosis and findings of scholars – are based on prestige social hierarchies dependent on several factors. By analyzing the case of the furry fandom (a subculture revolving around anthropomorphic animal characters), which appears to occupy a lowly position in the aforementioned hierarchy, the author discusses the selected factors, with particular emphasis on the normativity of expression in the context of mainstream patriarchal culture permeating most fandoms.

PL

W niniejszym artykule proponuję spojrzenie na globalny fandom jako społeczność, w którą – wbrew wstępnym rozpoznaniom badaczy –wpisana jest hierarchia prestiżu społecznego, zależnego od kilku czynników. Na przykładzie fandomu furry (fanów antropomorficznych przedstawień zwierząt), zajmujących w tej hierarchii niską pozycję, opisuję te czynniki, skupiając się przede wszystkim na normatywności ekspresji, którą fandomy zapożyczają od patriarchalnej kultury głównego nurtu.