Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

‘Upbringing’ in the social constructivism paradigm

100%

Dryll E.

Psychologia Wychowawcza

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2019

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tom Supplement

4-13

EN

The article proposes a theoretical model of the phenomenon of “upbringing” embedded in the social constructionism paradigm. On a conceptual level, it refers to the living world shared by adults and children; it comprises both the content of the culture in which this world is situated, and the reality of the microsystem (families, dyads) created through participation and dialogue. In such formative dialogues, the inexperienced partner, i.e. the child, is introduced to the system of meanings used by the adult. This relationship is not symmetrical; it is a complementary one characterised by the constant, emotional relationship between the child and the person acting as agent, usually a parent. This complementarity is expressed through a diversity of roles characterised by a distribution of responsibilities, which sets various duties and rights for the two partners. Control is enacted by a mechanism based around the self-fulfilling expectations that the adult has towards the child. The most important advantage of the proposed approach, analysing upbringing from a social constructionist viewpoint, is that it examines the relationship between the two participants from a supra-individual perspective.

2

The Philosophical Underpinnings of Social Constructionist Discourse Analysis

100%

Gralewski M.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2011

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tom 7

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nr 1

155-171

EN

Although discourse analysis emerges as a multi-faceted research method reflecting various schools of thought, disciplines and approaches, it is possible to pinpoint some meta-theoretical issues or fundamental assumptions common for most of them. This article aims to investigate different philosophical aspects and theoretical foundations that inform discourse analysis, such as the interplay between epistemological and ontological dimensions or the definition of language itself. Because space does not allow an in-depth discussion of all the theoretical orientations collectively contributing to the development of social constructionist discourse analysis, this paper focuses on poststructuralist, constructivist, and social realist positions, and also attempts to trace the roots of social constructionism in linguistic philosophy, phenomenology, and hermeneutics. Hopefully, this article will provide the opportunity to develop meta-theoretical reflections on discourse analysis, thus striking the balance between the philosophy, methodology and practice.

3

On the Actualities and Possibilities of Constructionism: Towards Deep Empiricism

100%

Stenner P.

Human Affairs

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2009

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tom 19

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nr 2

194-210

EN

Drawing from the example of critical psychology, this paper examines how dissatisfaction with an existing scientific paradigm can stimulate interest in philosophy and social theory. The emergence of a social constructionist understanding of scientific knowledge in prominent dialects of critical psychology is related to a combination of scientific and political concerns, and briefly set in the context of three important strands of twentieth century philosophy: existential hermeneutics, ordinary language philosophy and poststructuralism. These strands agree on at least two issues: the rejection of metaphysics and the ontological foregrounding of the notion of discourse or language-in-use. These philosophies have influenced the development of discursive methods and constructionist epistemologies in special sciences such as psychology and sociology. It is suggested, however, that both the commitment against metaphysics and the prioritising of discourse are problematic, and that a process metaphysics based on the three pillars of possibility, mediation and actuality (or pattern, matrix and activity) might be articulated in order to overcome the bifurcation of nature tacitly accepted by the commitment to a discursive ontology.

4

A note on the post-structuralist evolution of discourse analysis

100%

Cap P.

Heteroglossia. Studia Kulturoznawczo-Filologiczne

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2019

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nr 9

109-128

EN

This paper gives a critical overview of various analytical approaches dominating the field of discourse studies in the last three decades, from the perspective of their philosophical and formative bases: social constructionism and linguistics. It explores different conceptions and features of the theoretical nexus between these two bases leading to the emergence of three distinct yet apparently complementary strands of thought (i-iii). The paper starts with the account of (i) Laclau and Mouffe’s classical discourse theory and its idea of ‘discursive struggle’ – a struggle of particular ways of talking of and understanding the world in an attempt to achieve discursive (and social) hegemony. Laclau and Mouffe’s assumption that no discourse is a closed entity but rather transformed through contact with other discourses is then taken as the introductory premise to present a vast, complex and heterogeneous family of (ii) critical discourse studies. Critical discourse studies are characterized in the paper as a hub of text-analytical practices that work on the link between language and social reality from the perspective of power and empowerment, explaining how discourse partakes in the production, change and negotiations of ideologically-charged meanings. Most crucially, they establish a methodological link between social theory and linguistics, providing discourse analysis with text-analytical tools and methods. Finally, the paper discusses (iii) three recent discourse analytical models: Discourse Space Theory, Critical Metaphor Analysis and Legitimization-Proximization Model. Originally located in the cognitive-psychological strand of critical discourse studies, these new models can now be seen as fully-fledged discourse theories with their own apparatus of analysis, involving concepts from cognitive linguistics, pragmatics and social psychology. It is argued that these three new theories make a further (and thus far final) step toward consolidation of the social-theoretical and linguistic bases in contemporary discourse studies. The empirical benefits of this consolidation are discussed in the last part of the paper, which includes a brief case study where the new models are used in the analysis of Polish anti-immigration discourse.

5

The reconstruction of innovative studies – selected mechanisms

86%

Karpińska A.

Journal of Modern Science

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2017

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nr 3(34)

197-208

EN

The aim of the article is the reconstruction of innovation studies. The object of analysis will be selected knowledge forming mechanisms applied within this scientific area. There will be made an attempt to prove that the idea of innovation was used as the element of hegemonic strategy imposed by international organizations in order to maintain the existing rules of social reproduction. The methodological perspective adopted in the analysis is the constructivist model of cognition, among others, represented by A. Zybertowicz. According to it, the knowledge is determined by the circumstances and mechanisms of the social structures acting in the processes of converting interpretation into facts. Consequently, one is searching for the answer to a question: what role in this process play institutions of the power and money and their rhetorical devices. The research problem is analysed through the prism of two mechanisms: the motion of selective tradition and the strategy of expertise involved. Analysis of existing data and organizations’ reports, reveals that associates of the organizations, e.g. Ch. Freeman, constructed knowledge about the innovation on the foundation of ideological pre assumptions entered in their mission. Also the mechanism of selective tradition had no basis in the form of scientific research in the area of innovation studies, still it was applied due to the hegemonic rationality of the international actors. Therefore, in the field of innovation studies, the knowledge does not perform teleological function nor reach the essence of things, which in scientific cognition is the true, but allows to maintain the state of hegemony for prevailing classes. Paradoxically, innovation studies does not provide much information about innovativeness itself.

6

THE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SENSORY KNOWLEDGE: ITS UNDERSTANDING, CONSTRUCTION AND ACQUISITION

86%

JAKUBOWSKA H.

Society Register

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2019

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tom 3

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nr 1

121-136

EN

The aim of this article, based on the literature review, is to explore the senses within the context of knowledge. The article begins with a description of embodied (i.e., also sensory) knowledge’s marginalisation within the social sciences and the reasons for this. After indicating the most popular fields of research, the article explores three main understandings of sensory knowledge: (1) senses as a source of knowledge, (2) senses as acquired skills and (3) sensory knowledge as a result of (collective) activity. In the next part, sensory knowledge is discussed as tacit knowledge, taking into account the problem of its verbalisation and the nature of its acquisition. The last part explores the social construction of sensory knowledge and its relation to subjective experiences, referring to the concepts of intersubjectivity, objectification and legitimisation.

7

The ‘Fight Against Corruption’ as a Never-Ending and Self-Legitimizing Process

72%

Czepil B.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2016

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nr 4(223)

201-228

EN

The article is an analysis of various unintended consequences of the contemporary ﬁght against corruption. The author employs a social constructionist approach to argue that recent anti-corruption developments show that the ‘ﬁght against corruption’ will never stop regardless of how effective it may be. Moreover, the anti-corruption crusade can be characterized as a self-legitimizing process because it creates new areas for anti-corruption actions by constructing new forms of corruption, thereby justifying the continuation of anti-corruption efforts. As a point of departure, the author analyses corruption as a socially constructed phenomenon in order to remind us that because of its inherent features, corruption is an irremovable part of the public sphere, thus making anti-corruption actions never-ending. Then certain paradoxes and developments in contemporary anti-corruption efforts are presented to further explain the never-ending and self-legitimizing nature of ﬁghting corruption. The penultimate part highlights various new deﬁnitions of corruption proposed by social scientists and the questions raised by these conceptual undertakings. In the concluding section, the problems resulting from anti-corruption dynamics are presented.

XX

Artykuł jest analizą niektórych niezamierzonych rezultatów współczesnej „walki z korupcją”. Autor wykorzystuje podejście społecznego konstruktywizmu, aby pokazać dlaczego współczesne tendencje antykorupcyjne, niezależnie od efektywność walki z korupcją, pozwalają uznać, że ta walka nigdy się nie skończy. Ponadto, krucjata przeciwko korupcji została scharakteryzowana jako autolegitymizujący się proces, ponieważ poprzez konstruowanie nowych form korupcji prowadzi do kreowania nowych obszarów działań antykorupcyjnych, w ten sposób uzasadniając konieczność jej kontynuowania. Punktem wyjścia jest analiza korupcji jako zjawiska konstruowanego społecznie mająca na celu wskazanie, że ze względu na konstytutywne właściwości korupcji jest ona nieusuwalną częścią przestrzeni publicznej, dlatego też działania antykorupcyjne nigdy się nie kończą. Następnie, aby dogłębniej wyjaśnić niekończącą się oraz autolegitymizującą specyﬁkę walki z korupcją, opisane są paradoksy i wybrane przykłady z obszaru współczesnych działań antykorupcyjnych. Ostatnia część artykułu koncentruje się na nowych deﬁnicjach korupcji proponowanych przez przedstawicieli nauk społecznych i prowadzi do postawienia pytań, do jakich skłaniają te konceptualne propozycje. W ramach konkluzji przedstawiono problemy wynikające z opisanej dynamiki antykorupcyjnej, z którymi należy się zmierzyć.

8

Konstrukcjonistyczna praca socjalna w opiniach studentów pracy socjalnej i pracowników socjalnych. Na przykładzie Terapii Skoncentrowanej na Rozwiązaniach (TSR)

72%

Miś L.

Praca Socjalna

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2023

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tom 38(1)

45-58

EN

Social constructionism is one of the important contemporary theories used by social workers. Mary K. Rodwell, Stanley Witkin and Peter de Jong point to similarities between the assumptions of constructionism and social work, and to minor differences between them. Solution Focused Therapy is a model example of a constructionist practice. It uses unique types of questions, although therapists also use additional questions and interventions. Empirical research on the use of Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) by employees of social welfare centres was conducted, among others, in 2006 and 2019. The results of the opinion survey of social workers on the value and usefulness of SFT in their work were compared. The first study was conducted in 2006, i.e., at the beginning of the implementation of this method in social welfare centres in Poland. The second study was conducted in 2019 in social welfare centres in Małopolska voivodship. The respondents positively assessed the usefulness of some SFT elements in working with customers (and in their own lives), especially questions about exceptions, scaling questions and the increase in self-confidence. The author also conducted his own survey of the opinion of students of social work at the Jagiellonian University about the SFT course. Like social workers, the students spoke positively about the method in a comparable way. SFT weaknesses included omitting the customer's past, time consumption and the so-called “miracle question”. Typical difficulties for students in learning SFT are the following: ignoring customer resources, avoiding controversial and conflicting topics, and not considering the other party's opinion as a basis for changing their thinking. Conclusion: social work and education find partial use of SFT. Most of SFT's specific questions and focus on the customer's strengths were appreciated by social workers and students. Difficulties in accepting this method lie in the attachment to the idea of diagnosis as an essential component of social work and the idea of objective reality.

PL

Konstrucjonizm społeczny jest jedną w ważnych współczesnych teorii wykorzystywanych przez pracowników socjalnych. Mary K. Rodwell, Stanley Witkin czy Peter de Jong wskazują na podobieństwa założeń konstrukcjonizmu i pracy socjalnej oraz na niewielkie różnice między nimi. Terapia skoncentrowana na rozwiązaniach jest modelowym przykładem praktyki konstrukcjonistycznej. Posługuje się wyjątkowymi, unikalnymi rodzajami pytań, chociaż terapeuci stosują również dodatkowe pytania i interwencje. Badania empiryczne nad użyciem PSR przez pracowników ośrodków pomocy społecznej były prowadzone, m.in. w 2006 i 2019 r. Porównano wyniki badania opinii pracowników socjalnych na temat wartości i użyteczności PSR w ich pracy. Pierwsze badanie zostało zrealizowane w 2006 r, czyli na początku implementacji tej metody w ośrodkach pomocowych w Polsce. Drugie badanie zostało zrealizowane w 2019 r w ośrodkach pomocy społecznej w Małopolsce. Badani pozytywnie ocenili przydatność niektórych elementów PSR do pracy z klientami (oraz we własnym życiu), szczególnie pytania o wyjątki, pytania skalujące i zwiększenie zaufania we własne siły. Autor przeprowadził również własne badania opinii studentów pracy socjalnej UJ na temat kursu PSR. Tak jak pracownicy socjalni, studenci w podobny sposób pozytywnie wypowiadali się o metodzie. Do jej słabości zaliczali pomijanie przeszłości klienta, czasochłonność i pytanie o cud. Typowe trudności studentów w trakcie uczenia się PSR to: niedostrzeganie zasobów klientów, unikanie kontrowersyjnych i konfliktowych tematów oraz nie uznawanie opinii drugiej strony za podstawę do zmiany swojego myślenia. Konkluzja: PSR znajduje częściowe zastosowanie pracy socjalnej oraz jej edukacji. Z uznaniem pracowników socjalnych i studentów spotkała się większość specyficznych pytań TSR oraz skupienie się na mocnych stronach klienta. Trudności w akceptacji podejścia skoncentrowanego na rozwiązaniach leżą w przywiązaniu do idei diagnozy jako niezbędnego składnika pracy socjalnej oraz idei obiektywnej realności.

9

Znaczenie relacji genderowych w konstruowaniu tożsamości pracowniczych. Studium przypadku brazylijskich pracowników obszaru miejskiego

58%

Ribeiro M. A. , da Conceiçao Coropos Uvaldo M. , da Silva F. F.

Studia Poradoznawcze

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2016

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tom 5

EN

By means of a qualitative approach, this study aimed to understand the main narrative patterns of working identity construction and influences of gender relations in these processes through content analysis of the narratives generated by a purposive sample of 40 Brazilian urban workers. Five narratives patterns were found (organizational, professional/occupational, networking, hybrid, and de-identification). In the analysis of gender relations, men and women likewise constructed organizational and professional/occupational identities; men, however, were more likely to construct hybrid identities while women were more likely to construct flexible identities. In conclusion, traditional models of identity construction coexist with flexible and hybrid models, but with an important gender difference consisting in women’s major tendency to change. The practical implications and limitations of these results for career counseling are discussed.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy, w której wykorzystano wyniki badań uzyskane przy użyciu podejścia jakościowego, było wyjaśnienie narracyjnych wzorów konstrukcji pracowniczej tożsamości oraz oddziaływania na nie relacji genderowych. Analizie poddano treść narracji 40 brazylijskich pracowników miejskich. Zidentyfikowano pięć wzorów narracyjnych (organizacyjny, zawodowy/branżowy, sieciowy, hybrydowy oraz deidentyfikujący). W analizie relacji genderowych zauważono, że kobiety i mężczyźni podobnie konstruowali tożsamość organizacyjną oraz zawodowo/branżową; z tym, że mężczyźni częściej skłaniali się do konstrukcji tożsamości hybrydowej, a kobiety do konstrukcji tożsamości plastycznej. Modele tradycyjne konstrukcji tożsamości współistnieją z modelami hybrydowymi i plastycznymi, ale ważną różnicą na poziomie gender jest to, że większość kobiet ma tendencję do ich zmiany. Omówione zostały praktyczne konsekwencje oraz zastosowania tych wyników dla doradztwa kariery.