Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Lazarsfeldova analýza zdůvodnění (reason analysis): metoda pro 21. století

100%

Jeřábek H.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2010

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tom 4

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nr 1

5-18

EN

Reason analysis is a long neglected method of data collection and analysis. This article describes the method and shows some fields of practical application. The methods and principles of reason analysis were first expounded by Lazarsfeld (1935). Reason analysis explores how respondents answer “why” questions during survey interviews. Typically, respondents are asked a simple question inquiring about the reasons that led them to make a specific decision or action. Data obtained in this way are often used to construct a simple classification of respondents. In reality, respondents often have many reasons for making a particular decision, but usually only mention one to an interviewer. Reason analysis contends that responses to ‘why’ questions are a combination of some or all reasons used by the respondent to formulate an answer to an interviewers’ question. Consequently, reason analysis constructs a “tree” of questions and an “accounting scheme” or model of the decision or action being studied. Using this framework, responses are grouped into classes and types according to their (dis)similarity. With the development of software tools it is now easy to estimate reason analysis models of survey response. One key advantage of reason analysis is that it facilitates developing a deeper understanding of the latent structure of groups; and hence allows a more precise estimation of individual level effects in studies of decision-making. As the demand for “structural estimation” models of decision making and action increase, it is likely the reason analysis will become a more influential methodological approach in the 21st century.

2

Lazarsfeldův přínos k metodologii panelové analýzy

88%

Jeřábek H.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 1

9-29

EN

This paper explores causal explanations that use panel data and describes the contribution of Paul Lazarsfeld to the methodology of panel analysis. The introductory part describes the concepts of ‘panel data’ and ‘panel analysis.’ The second section is devoted to the history of panel studies. The main part of the paper focuses on the contributions of Paul Lazarsfeld to panel data analysis. The term ‘panel study’ generally denotes any data collection that involves the same respondents who are questioned repeatedly in consecutive waves of a survey. In contrast, ‘panel analysis’ refers to the quantitative analysis of changes in the distributions of responses among the same respondents across two waves of a panel data set. Paul Lazarsfeld developed panel analysis during the late 1930s and early 1940s. The main aim of this early work was to test for causal relationships, and to outline some explanation for the intra-personal changes observed. Lazarsfeld outlined three important panel data analysis procedures: 1) analysis of turnover tables, 2) analysis of qualified change also known as the “analysis of qualifiers”, and 3) analysis of concurrent changes. The latter was often referred to by Lazarsfeld in his methodological papers as the problem of the “sixteen-fold table”. The final section of this paper discusses of the use of control groups in panel studies and problems associated with panel attrition rates.

3

Kohortní analýza jako alternativa panelového výzkumu

75%

Katrňák T.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 1

53-74

EN

The text introduces basic concepts of cohort analysis – age, period and birth cohorts. The author shows the role of birth cohorts in explanation of social processes and deals with a cohort replacement as a matter of social change. From the methodology point of view the author presents the standard cohort table, introduces an identification problem and shows two ways how to solve it using the data on birth rates in the Czech Republic between 1948 and 2007. The first solution is presented for population data, the second one is presented for microdata in the form of a series of repeated cross-section sample surveys. The results of both analyses show, that identification of age, period and cohort effects is important for interpretation trends in birth rates in the Czech Republic between 1948 and 2007.

4

Modelování panelových dat s dichotomickou závisle proměnnou: obecné principy a ilustrace v programu STATA

75%

Kalvas F. , Kreidl M. , Váně J. , Štípková M.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 1

99-124

EN

This article outlines several techniques for analyzing panel data with a dichotomous dependent variable. This presentation is inspired by the classic work of Paul Allison [1999]. An example analysis is presented where public attitudes toward restitution of church property in the Czech Republic is explored using panel data. Here the focus is on exploring changes in the intra-personal agenda of respondents on this specific issue. There are three main conclusions from this research: (1) media exposure and (2) the education level of the respondent increase the odds of the church restitution issue being mentioned by a respondent as being important, and (3) mention of the church restitution issue in a particular wave of the panel survey is negatively associated with mention of this issue in later waves of the panel study examined. These findings are discussed in terms of their methodological and substantive implications.

5

Rodiny jsou neměnné, přátelé proměnliví: výzkum reliability odpovědí v průzkumech sociálních sítí za použití telefonického výzkumu

75%

Häuberer J.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 2

149-169

EN

This article analyzes the test-retest reliability of network size and density measures originally implemented in face-to-face surveys, but implemented in this research in a telephone survey for examining “Social Relationships among Czech Citizens.” For this purpose we can divide family and friendship networks. Network size is measured with the number of family members; respondent’s friends at work, in the neighbourhood, as well as other friends. Network density is operationalised as frequency of contact with family members and friends. The analyses show a high test-retest reliability of the network size and density measures of the family network, but very low reliability for the measures of the friendship network. More detailed analysis reveals that the low reliability of network size, density of friends at work, and contact frequency with friends, can be explained in terms of respondent characteristics. In contrast, the low level of reliability exhibited by other variables is independent of respondent characteristics.

6

Poziční generátor a měření sociálního kapitálu v egocentrické síti

63%

Šafr J.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 2

211-240

EN

b2_The validity of the PG is also assessed using a correlation analysis of the effects or outputs of the social network, i.e. income, job mobility, social trust, life satisfaction, and tolerance of ethnic groups. The article concludes with a comparison with other egocentric social network techniques and recommendations for further work.

7

Conversovy proměnné stále platí aneb Co ovlivňuje sílu vazeb mezi politickými postoji?

63%

Linek L.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2008

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tom 2

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nr 1

31-47

EN

The aim of this study is to explore the sources of attitude constraints regarding the role of government in the economy, and to find out whether the sources of these constraints are the same as in Western democracies. Use is made of Converse’s approach to conceptualize attitude constraint where an individual’s belief system is seen to be a configuration of attitudes and values characterized by a functional interdependence, or constraint. This constraint may be interpreted in terms of the probability of being able to predict one attitude having knowledge of another. In this study, there is a review of the sources of attitude constraint and related measurement issues. Using ISSP 2006 (Role of Government module) an analysis of attitudinal constraints is presented using two attitudinal scales. This research confirms that the sources of attitude constraint in the Czech Republic are similar to those observed in Western Europe and the USA. Specifically, class, education, and other social-demographic variables are shown to have very limited effects. Moreover, Converse’s contention that attitude constraints are strongly determined by political involvement, political knowledge, or party identification is also shown to be valid for Czech society.

8

Indikátory obav z kriminality v českých sociálněvědních výzkumech

63%

Krulichová E.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2014

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tom 8

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nr 2

121-141

EN

While fear of crime is frequently discussed internationally, it is currently addressed by only a limited number of Czech studies. The aim of the paper is to present the main methodological concepts that have infl uenced the research on fear of crime and the design of indicators by which this phenomenon is measured. Furthermore, we evaluate and compare fear of crime measures in three surveys - the Euro-Justis pilot project, the fi fth wave of the large-scale international European Social Survey and a survey of the Public Opinion Research Centre - and provide information about whether and to what extent people fear crime. The results of the analysis suggest that the wording and type of questions could be crucial in measuring fear of crime and that although a signifi cant proportion of respondents declared being fearful their “fear experiences” are found to be relatively rare.

9

Evropský systém datových služeb: stále v přípravě, ale pokročilé

51%

Krejčí J.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2007

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tom 1

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nr 1

35-46

EN

Social data archives are of specific importance as an infrastructure for international comparative research. In this area, they serve not only as a source of data, but also participate in the organization of international surveys and participate in research in the field of data harmonization and the development of standardized indicators. Since the beginning of data archiving in Europe, building a common European system of data services has therefore been considered. Many existing national archives are associated in the CESSDA organization. Their cooperation includes an agreement on the international exchange of data, but the real interconnection of data services has not yet taken place. The problem is the mutual incompatibility of existing systems of data services, information about data and the general incompatibility of production in social science research. So far, partial successes have been achieved in overcoming barriers, in particular a satisfactory software and hardware solution for data services interconnection (NESSTAR) has been developed, metadata (DDI) is being standardized, the ELSST multilingual thesaurus is being developed and several data libraries in a common catalog have been partially interconnected. C-CAT. The creation of a European data services system is being prepared in the CESSDA-PPP project. However, it is uncertain whether funds will be obtained for its implementation.

CS

Archivy sociálních dat mají specifický význam jako infrastruktura pro mezinárodní komparativní výzkum. V této oblasti slouží nejen jako zdroj dat, ale podílejí se i na organizaci mezinárodních šetření a zapojují se do výzkumu v oblasti harmonizace dat a vývoje standardizovaných indikátorů. Od počátku archivace dat v Evropě se proto uvažuje o budování společného evropského systému datových služeb. Řada stávajících národních archivů je sdružena v organizaci CESSDA. Jejich spolupráce zahrnuje dohodu o mezinárodní výměně dat, k reálnému propojení datových služeb ale dosud nedošlo. Problémem je vzájemná nekompatibilita stávajících systémů datových služeb, informací o datech i obecná nekompatibilita produkce v sociálněvědním výzkumu. Dosud bylo dosaženo dílčích úspěchů v překonání bariér, zejm. bylo vyvinuto uspokojivé softwarové a hardwarové řešení pro propojení datových služeb (NESSTAR), dochází k standardizaci metadat (DDI), vyvíjen je multilinguální thesaurus ELSST a došlo k částečnému propojení několika datových knihoven ve společném katalogu C-CAT. Vytvoření evropského systému datových služeb je připravováno v projektu CESSDA-PPP. Není však jisté, zda budou získány prostředky na jeho realizaci.

10

Ekologické usuzování: explorace metody latentní struktury za využití volebních dat z ČR

51%

Lyons P.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2008

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tom 2

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nr 1

49-75

EN

This article explores how aggregate level data may be used to make inferences about individual level behaviour. A common strategy in the past was to assume that the relations evident in aggregated data are also present in individual data. Analysis of datasets where there is both individual and aggregated information demonstrates that this assumption is most often incorrect. This means that the relationships observed between variables at an aggregated level are unlikely to be observed in individual level data. This is a problem because quite often social scientists only have aggregated data for exploring individual level behaviour. A key question explored in this article is how is it possible to validly and reliably use aggregated datasets to make inferences about relationships between variables at the individual level. An example analysis is given using electoral data from the Czech Republic.

11

Měření politických znalostí

51%

Lyons P.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2007

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tom 1

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nr 2

109-125

EN

This article examines ways to measure political knowledge. The main premise of most works in a given field is the idea that political knowledge is a characteristic that belongs only to individuals. The research on which this text is based assumes that political knowledge is a characteristic of both individuals and ways of measuring that knowledge. The analyzes are based on a battery of questions on political knowledge, which was implemented in the ISSP survey The Role of Government IV (2006). This article demonstrates that the assumption of one-dimensionality of political knowledge must not be taken for granted and must be tested. The presence of more than one dimension of political knowledge is theoretically important, as it implies that some citizens are only interested in specific aspects of politics. This has important implications for our understanding and evaluation of the democratic system of government.

CS

Tento článek zkoumá způsoby měření politických znalostí. Hlavním předpokladem většiny prací v daném oboru je myšlenka, že politické znalosti jsou charakteristikou, která náleží pouze jedinci. Výzkum, na němž je založen tento text, předpokládá, že politické znalosti jsou charakteristikou jak jedinců, tak způsobů měření těchto znalostí. Analýzy jsou založené na baterii otázek na politické znalosti, jež byla implementována v šetření ISSP Role vlády IV (2006). Tento článek demonstruje, že předpoklad jednodimenzionality politických znalostí nesmí být chápán jako daný a musí být naopak testován. Přítomnost více než jedné dimenze politických znalostí je teoreticky důležitá, neboť implikuje, že někteří občané se zajímají pouze o specifické aspekty politiky. To má významné důsledky pro naše chápání a hodnocení demokratického systému vládnutí.

12

Kvalita výzkumů ve správě věcí veřejných: příklady šetření městských zastupitelů a klientů městských úřadů

51%

Ryšavý D.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 2

171-185

EN

An increasing number of surveys are employed in the field of public administration. This begs the question, what is the quality of this form of research? In this article two different surveys are presented and compared. First, a client satisfaction survey implemented at twelve municipal offices is examined. Second, there is an exploration of an international comparative research project that studies municipal representatives (MAELG). An examination of the research methodologies employed in both of these two surveys reveals the problems inherent to this type of inquiry. Strategies for overcoming these obstacles in future research are described. This study argues that examination of methodological issues can lead to important substantive insights; in this case it is the link between public administration and democracy.

13

Jak měřit bezmocnost: předběžné výsledky

51%

Traxlerová M. , Rabušic L.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2008

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tom 2

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nr 1

7-29

EN

The paper deals with powerlessness as one of the possible meanings of alienation, and presents Neal’s Powerlessness Scale as a means for measuring this concept. The aim of this research is to find out if it is possible to adopt the Neal’s research technique, developed in the context of the American culture in the late 1950s, to empirical sociological research in the Czech Republic. This issue is important because there is at present no standard attitudinal instrument for measuring a persons’ perception of their power to exert influence over socio-political events. An initial test of the reliability and internal and external validity of Neal’s scale is undertaken using a non-representative sample of the Czech population. Results of this quantitative analysis suggest that a subset of nine items from the original twelve item scale is the most reliable and valid measure of a person’s sense of control over the socio-political events within the Czech cultural milieu. Importantly, the process of data collection reveals several problematic features of Neal’s powerlessness scale, and it is recommended that certain alterations before its further use in the Czech context.