Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Racjonalne stosowanie małych oczyszczalni ścieków z uwzględnieniem kryteriów zrównoważonego rozwoju

100%

Mucha Z. , Mikosz J.

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2009

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tom R. 106, z. 2-Ś

91-100

PL

Małe oczyszczalnie ścieków stosowane w lokalnych systemach oczyszczania nie mogą być traktowane jako zminiaturyzowane wersje dużych obiektów. Mają one własną specyfikę wynikającą z ilości i składu ścieków, które podlegają oczyszczaniu, zastosowanych technologii i rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych oraz szczególnych warunków obsługi. Dlatego wybór odpowiedniego rozwiązania techniczno-technologicznego małej oczyszczalni ścieków nie jest sprawą łatwą. Podstawą takiej decyzji powinna być staranna analiza rozwiązań z uwzględnieniem kryteriów zrównoważonego rozwoju, obejmujących w sposób zintegrowany aspekty technologiczne, środowiskowe, ekonomiczne i społeczne. W artykule podjęto próbę sformułowania zasad racjonalnego stosowania małych oczyszczalni ścieków, opierając się na takich kryteriach. Zaproponowane zasady mogą być zastosowane zarówno do wyboru najlepszego rozwiązania w konkretnych warunkach lokalizacyjnych, jak i do oceny już funkcjonujących małych oczyszczalni ścieków.

EN

Small wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that are used for local treatment of domestic wastewater can not be perceived as just miniaturized versions of large objects. They are specific in terms of quantity and quality of treated wastewater, applied technologies and technical solutions, and specific operational regime. Thus, the decision about selecting the most appropriate type of small WWTP is not easy. Such the decision should preceded by thorough analysis of available options based on a set of rules arising from the sustainable development criteria, that coherently consider technological, environmental, economic and social issues. The paper presents the general rules for rational application of small WWTPs on the basis of sustainable development criteria. The proposed rules can be used for both, for selecting the type of small plant the best suited to local conditions, and to evaluate the already operating small wastewater treatment plants.

2

Wastewater reuse

100%

Wilas J. , Draszawka-Bołzan B. , Cyraniak E.

World News of Natural Sciences

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2016

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tom 5

33-41

EN

Once freshwater has been used for an economic or beneficial purpose, it is generally discarded as waste. In many countries, these wastewaters are discharged, either as untreated waste or as treated effluent, into natural watercourses, from which they are abstracted for further use after undergoing "self-purification" within the stream. Through this system of indirect reuse, wastewater may be reused up to a dozen times or more before being discharged to the sea. Such indirect reuse is common in the larger river systems of Latin America. However, more direct reuse is also possible: the technology to reclaim wastewaters as potable or process waters is a technically feasible option for agricultural and some industrial purposes (such as for cooling water or sanitary flushing), and is a largely experimental option for the supply of domestic water. Wastewater reuse for drinking raises public health, and possibly religious, concerns among consumers. The adoption of wastewater treatment and subsequent reuse as a means of supplying freshwater is also determined by economic factors. Human excreta and wastewater contains useful materials. These are water, organic carbon and nutrients and should be regarded as a resource. In their natural cycles, they are broken down by micro-organisms and become accessible to plants and animals, thus sustaining natural ecosystems. When improperly disposed, these substances can cause pollution. This is because the organic materials exert oxygen demand, and the nutrients promote algal growth in lakes, rivers and near-shore marine environments. Human excreta and wastewater also contain pathogens. Reuse of the wastes must ensure that public health is maintained. Planned reuse is the key to wastewater reuse. Planning for reuse ensures that public health and protection of the environment are taken into account. Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops, for example, will need to meet (i) standards for indicator pathogens, and (ii) plant requirement for water, nitrogen and phosphorus. WHO and others have developed standards for reuse of wastewater for various purposes. Further details of these standards can be found in the Regional Overviews in the Source Book, published by IWA and IETC. It must be pointed out, however, that requirements for water and nutrients are plant-specific and site-specific (dependent on soil type and climate), and information on these requirements need to be obtained from local information sources.

3

Wastewater treatment technologies

88%

Wilas J. , Draszawka-Bołzan B. , Daniszewski P. , Cyraniak E.

World News of Natural Sciences

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2016

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tom 4

33-43

EN

The article presents an application of multi-criteria analysis for selection of the best treatment technology and the best technical solution to the running of a large and a small wastewater treatment plant. The calculations performed for two plant capacities and for various effluent standards are based on a compromise programming method. The effluent standards considered for the smaller plant are only BOD5, COD and TSS, while for the larger plant also nitrogen and phosphorus. For each plant’s capacity, three different treatment technologies are analyzed. The analyzed technologies included biofilters, continuous and cyclic activated sludge, rotating biological contactors and natural treatment methods. The selection of the best technology is done with a define set of sustainability criteria that can be easily modified and adjusted to specific local conditions. The proposed method can be used for selection of the best treatment technology and the most appropriate technical solution from a sustainability standpoint, at the stage of wastewater system planning and designing, as well as for evaluation of already operating plants.

4

Koszty inwestycyjne oczyszczalni ścieków z reaktorami SBR na terenach wiejskich

63%

Mucha Z. , Wójcik W.

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2012

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tom Nr 10

447-449

PL

Jednym z ważniejszych warunków stawianych małym oczyszczalniom ścieków są niskie koszty budowy i eksploatacji. Jest to warunek trudny do spełnienia, bowiem w małych oczyszczalniach ścieków zazwyczaj jednostkowe koszty budowy są większe niż oczyszczalni średnich i dużych. Na podstawie danych z kilkudziesięciu małych oczyszczalni ustalono wartości jednostkowych kosztów inwestycyjnych i eksploatacyjnych oraz podjęto próbę ustalenia struktury tych kosztów. W analizie kosztów uwzględniono oczyszczalnie lokalne i zbiorcze o przepustowości od 30 do 1000 m3/d i RLM od 180 do 9000 oraz stwierdzono zmienność kosztów w zależności od tych parametrów.

EN

One of the key criteria for construction of small-scale wastewater treatment facilities are low investment and operation costs. This requirement poses a great challenge to such endeavors, as unit construction costs are greater than in large-scale treatment plants. Basing on data from several small wastewater treatment plants, this article is an attempt of estimation of investment and operation costs. The cost analysis includes local-level treatment plants of flow rates of 30-1000 m3/d and Equivalent Inhabitants Number ranging from 180 to 9000, concluding with the observation of dependence of costs with the parameters above.

5

Zastosowanie metody AHP do wyboru systemu usuwania i oczyszczania ścieków z małej jednostki osadniczej

63%

Mucha Z. , Iwanejko R.

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2012

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tom Nr 10

444-447

PL

W artykule przedstawiono propozycję zastosowania analizy wielokryterialnej do wyboru optymalnego sposobu usuwania i oczyszczania ścieków z małej jednostki osadniczej. Obliczenia wykonano z wykorzystaniem hierchicznej metody AHP. Wybór najlepszego rozwiązania przeprowadzono w oparciu o kryteria zrównoważonego rozwoju. Zaproponowana metoda może być wykorzystana do wyboru najlepszego rozwiązania na etapie planowania i projektowania systemów usuwania i oczyszczania ścieków w małych jednostkach osadniczych.

EN

The paper proposes selection of the optimal sewage removal and treatment system for the small settlement using the multicriteria analysis. The necessary calculations were carried out with the analytic hierarchy process AHP. The selection of the best option was done with a define set of sustainability criteria. The proposed method may be used for selection of the best option as early, as at the stage of planning and designing of the sewage removal and treatment systems in the small settlements.