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1

Farmland afforestations: new goals and guidelines for Poland

100%

Zajaczkowski J. , Zajaczkowski K.

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tom 51

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nr 1

EN

Farmland afforestations (FAs), i. e. groups of trees and shrubs scattered in agricultural landscape, were for long considered mostly as supplementary timber resource and wind mitigation tool. The contemporary shift to other, environment- and social-related functions of FAs is discussed in the paper and example guidelines for the establishment of new FAs proposed. The concept of “farmland afforestations’ needs” is presented as a tool to incorporate FA issues in land- use planning.

2

Impact of the invasive species Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on vegetation in Pontic desert steppe zone [Southern Ukraine]

84%

Sudnik-Wojcikowska B. , Moysiyenko I. , Slim P. A. , Moraczewski I. R.

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nr 2

269-281

EN

The Irano-Turanian species – Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) – is one of most commonly planted tree in the shelterbelts in southern Ukraine. The consequences of introduction of the species from windbreaks, into areas of different land use in west and central Pontic desert steppe zone are evaluated. The above steppe is unique on a European scale and exists only in some parts of the Black and Azovian Sea coasts. In recent years, the socio-economical crisis in Ukraine (less intensively cultivation, as well as limited grazing) has been responsible for the intensification of the spread of alien tree species outside the windbreaks. Studies were conducted in Kherson Region, in the immediate vicinity of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, where the presence of aliens is undesirable. The analysis of phytosociological material (48 relevés with and without Russian olive) collected from areas of different land use type and limited human pressure (as abandoned field, former intensively grazed solonetz and extensively grazed desert steppe vegetation) show that E. angustifolia can impede the regeneration of the desert steppe. The species creates favourable conditions for the growth of geographically and ecologically alien nithrophilous weeds.

3

Butterflies [Lepidoptera] of young midfield shelterbelts

84%

Sobczyk D.

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tom 52

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nr 4

EN

The study was carried out in 1999–2000 in midfield shelterbelts located in mosaic agricultural landscape near village Turew (West Poland) with the aid of transect method (total length amounted to 4520 m). Five shelterbelts (transect length – 3070 m) have been planted in 1993 and one shelterbelt (transect length – 1450 m) in 1998. All the shelterbelts have been planted on arable land. Twenty seven species of butterflies (imagines) were recorded during the study period. Pieris napi and P.rapae dominated in all shelterbelts. Their dominance in 6–7 years old shelterbelts amounted to 30 and 24%, respectively, while in younger one (1–2 years old) – 34 and 32%. Total mean density of butterflies in older shelterbelts was equal to 91.9 ind. km⁻¹ of transect (width 5 m) – and was about 40% higher than in the younger one. Lower dominance of Aphantopus hyperantus (8%) observed in 6–7 years shelterbelts (when compared to several tens years ones) was most likely caused by small share of grasses and perennial dicotyledons, which are important for this species. The butterflies recorded in shelterbelts may be assigned to four ecological groups: ubiquistic species (7 spp.), species typical for open area (10 spp.), species linked to afforestations (3 spp.) and woodland (7 spp.). In all studied shelterbelts most abundant were ubiquistic species and open areas species (Pieris rapae and P. napi) with no respect to age of shelterbelt. Also some rare species with higher environmental demands were recorded, i.e., Polyommatus amandus and Carterocephalus palaeon, which have not been previously observed in the study area.

4

Community structure of soil-litter macrofauna in shelterbelt and adjacent crop field

84%

Olechowicz E.

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nr 2

EN

Studies were carried out in 1999 and 2000 in the vicinity of Turew near Poznaƒ (West Poland) and dealt with the composition, density and biomass of soil-litter macrofauna with special reference to dipteran larvae in the agricultural landscape. Sites were located on a 7- years old mid-field shelterbelt and on adjacent field with maize crop in the first and wheat crop in the second year of study and – on 9 various patches of vegetation within the mid-field shelterbelt. Studies carried out along the transect: the shelterbelt (S) – ecotone (E) – field 10 m (F 10)– field 50 m (F 50) demonstrated a decline of: 1) animal density (10 times) and biomass (30 times) of total macrofauna and (80 times) of dipteran larvae, 2) taxonomic richness and biodiversity measured with the H` index, 3) individual weight of the entire macrofauna, of dipteran larvae, saprophagous animals and predators so that the individuals became smaller with the distance from the shelterbelt, 4) similarity of macrofauna communities in terms of composition and dominance structure, with increasing distance between plots. Close relationship was found between plant cover and soil-litter macrofauna. Species composition, density, biomass and trophic structure of soil invertebrate community depended on tree or herb species. Those soil animals and especially dipteran larvae were a sensitive indicator of small-scale habitat changes.

5

Nematofauna of the shelterbelts in the agricultural landscape

84%

Wasilewska L.

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nr 2

EN

Trophic structure, number and density of taxa, generic diversity, and maturity indices were compared for soil nematode communities inhabiting a 170-year-old shelterbelt, 6-year-old shelterbelt, and a maize field adjacent to the younger shelterbelt. The study was conducted in an area of long-term research near Turew (Wielkopolska Region, West Poland). Sampling sites in the crop field were located at distances of 0.5 m, 10 m and 50 m from the younger shelterbelt. In the soil of shelterbelts more taxa occurred in comparison with the cropland, the index of generic diversity was higher, the dominance of nematodes of the class Secernentea (r-strategists s.l.) over Adenophorea (K-strategists s.l.) was lower, community maturity indices and bacterivore maturity index were higher, and the ratio of plant parasite index to maturity index was lower, providing evidence for a more advanced stage of succession in the shelterbelts. In the maize field, fungivorous and plant feeding nematodes predominated, with a strong dominance of one of the taxa pathogenic to plants (Pratylenchus). The effect of 6-year old shelterbelt on nematode community in maize crop field was observed in the field part closest to the shelterbelt.

6

Impact of biogeochemical barriers on the migration of chemical compounds with the water of agricultural landscape

67%

Zyczynska-Baloniak I. , Szajdak L. , Jaskulska R.

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nr 5

EN

The contents of calcium, magnesium and mineral carbon were investigated in the ground and surface water of shelterbelts and also in four small ponds of different surroundings as well as in water-courses of agricultural landscape. In these studies, differences among the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and mineral carbon were attributed solely to different surroundings of the ponds and water-courses, and also to width of the shelterbelt. The biogeochemical barrier in the form of shelterbelt efficiently decreases the concentration of chemical substances included in the dry mass from 30 to 75%, calcium from 20 to 54%, magnesium from 46 to 72% and also mineral carbon from 58 to 71%. The smallest contents of every investigated substance characterized the water of pond surrounded by a wide zone of meadow.

7

Importance of young shelterbelts for breeding avifauna in agricultural landscape [Turew area, West Poland]

51%

Kujawa K.

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tom 52

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nr 4

EN

Protection of high biodiversity in an intensively farmed areas is strongly related to managing the diverse structure of a landscape, for example by planting shelterbelts. The study was aimed at recognition of avifauna dynamics in young (with the age of 1–4 years at the beginning of the study) shelterbelts (N=9) and at estimation of their importance for farmland birds. Bird density was estimated by mapping method in successive years 1996–2001 and the data were combined and analysed in respect to age of shelterbelts. Eighteen breeding species were found (5–8 pairs km⁻¹), among them most abundant were Corn Bunting (Miliaria calandra) (with dominance of 33%), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) (19%) and Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) (12%). No trend in the changes of species richness and total density was recorded. The density of species preferring building nests and/or feeding in herb layer (like Yellow Wagtail, Skylark Alauda arvensis and Whinchat Saxicola rubetra) decreased during study period while the density of species associated to higher layers of vegetation like Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) increased. According to earlier study, bird species richness and abundance in studied young shelterbelts were lower than in several dozens years old ones. However, in relation to species colonization both classes of shelterbelts (species building their nests on the ground or in low shrubs), young shelterbelts were as important as old ones.